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Table 4 Difference between the poorest (Q1) and richest (Q5) wealth quintiles in adjusted estimatesa for hypertension burden and management in the PURE cohort, by country (ordered by 2006 GDP)

From: Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Country

Hypertension

% of all participants

Hypertension awareness

% of hypertensive participants

Hypertension treatment

% of hypertensive participants

Hypertension control

% of hypertensive participants

 

Q1

Q5

Difference

[95% CI]

p-value

Q1

Q5

Difference

[95% CI]

p-value

Q1

Q5

Difference

[95% CI]

p-value

Q1

Q5

Difference

[95% CI]

p-value

Canada

38.5

34.2

−4.3

[-8.0--0.7]

0.019

58.6

52.1

−6.5

[-12.5--0.6]

0.031

55.6

51.8

−3.7

[-9.8–2.4]

0.229

21.8

24.9

3.0

[-2.0–8.0]

0.240

Sweden

46.5

46.3

−0.2

[-5.4–5.0]

0.941

37.8

34.1

−3.7

[-10.8–3.4]

0.305

34.1

26.8

−7.3

[-14.1--0.5]

0.034

9.7

6.9

−2.8

[-6.7–1.1]

0.161

UAE

46.5

50.7

4.2

[-7.3–15.6]

0.476

45.1

55.9

10.9

[-4.6–26.3]

0.168

46.8

52.9

6.1

[-9.5–21.6]

0.444

7.2

12.2

5.0

[-3.9–13.9]

0.271

Saudi Arabia

28.2

26.9

−1.3

[-8.6–6.0]

0.730

70.2

70.4

0.2

[-14.0–14.3]

0.983

68.4

66.4

−2.0

[-16.7–12.7]

0.788

23.8

37.5

13.8

[0.2–27.4]

0.047

Argentina

51.2

46.7

−4.6

[-8.6--0.5]

0.028

57.9

52.7

−5.2

[-10.5–0.2]

0.060

49.9

49.3

−0.6

[-6.1–4.8]

0.816

13.1

12.5

−0.6

[-4.0–2.8]

0.734

Brazil

53.9

52.7

−1.2

[-6.2–3.7]

0.634

67.7

60.4

−7.3

[-13.7--0.9]

0.025

67.1

62.3

−4.8

[-11.7–2.0]

0.168

26.1

22.2

−3.9

[-10.1–2.3]

0.213

Chile

45.2

45.3

0.1

[-6.9–7.1]

0.981

60.6

60.0

−0.6

[-10.2–9.0]

0.902

50.3

51.9

1.6

[-8.7–11.9]

0.757

16.4

19.0

2.6

[-4.6–9.8]

0.473

Malaysia

42.8

42.7

−0.2

[-3.5–3.1]

0.926

44.4

51.0

6.6

[1.6–11.6]

0.010

36.6

41.5

4.9

[0.0–9.8]

0.052

9.8

12.2

2.5

[-0.6–5.5]

0.110

Poland

69.2

73.8

4.7

[-3.3–12.6]

0.248

54.2

46.0

−8.3

[-18.9–2.4]

0.128

53.4

42.1

−11.3

[-22.0--0.6]

0.038

7.3

7.7

0.4

[-4.6–5.5]

0.869

South Africa

59.9

59.3

−0.6

[-7.2–6.0]

0.855

21.4

34.1

12.7

[5.0–20.4]

0.001

27.7

38.1

10.4

[2.6–18.1]

0.009

2.0

9.3

7.2

[3.8–10.7]

0.000

Turkey

37.5

31.4

−6.1

[-11.3--0.8]

0.023

56.3

57.1

0.7

[-7.8–9.3]

0.864

49.4

50.4

1.0

[-7.6–9.6]

0.820

17.6

22.2

4.5

[-2.2–11.2]

0.185

China

40.8

38.4

−2.4

[-4.3--0.6]

0.009

39.2

44.8

5.7

[2.8–8.5]

0.000

26.7

34.0

7.3

[4.7–9.9]

0.000

4.1

7.7

3.6

[2.2–4.9]

0.000

Philippines

43.0

58.6

15.6

[4.1–27.1]

0.008

44.7

69.7

25.0

[9.1–40.9]

0.002

34.1

64.5

30.4

[14.4–46.3]

0.000

4.8

26.1

21.3

[9.1–33.5]

0.001

Colombia

34.8

32.9

−1.9

[-6.6–2.7]

0.416

46.4

59.0

12.6

[4.5–20.7]

0.002

38.4

53.6

15.3

[7.1–23.4]

0.000

10.9

19.5

8.6

[2.7–14.6]

0.004

Iran

25.3

20.2

−5.1

[-9.2--1.0]

0.015

53.3

58.1

4.8

[-5.3–14.8]

0.350

49.8

55.9

6.0

[-4.2–16.2]

0.246

16.0

18.2

2.2

[-5.0–9.3]

0.554

OPT

37.8

33.7

−4.1

[-13.1–4.8]

0.368

62.2

52.1

−10.1

[-25.1–4.9]

0.188

60.0

51.3

−8.7

[-23.5–6.1]

0.250

17.3

13.3

−3.9

[-13.8–5.9]

0.431

Bangladesh

31.8

52.0

20.2

[13.8–26.6]

0.000

14.0

24.9

10.9

[2.0–19.8]

0.016

8.8

21.2

12.5

[4.5–20.4]

0.002

1.7

4.9

3.2

[-0.6–7.0]

0.101

India

13.6

35.4

21.9

[19.2–24.6]

0.000

27.2

48.0

20.8

[16.3–25.3]

0.000

20.9

43.0

22.1

[17.7–26.6]

0.000

8.9

15.0

6.1

[3.2–9.1]

0.000

Pakistan

29.8

31.7

1.8

[-11.2–14.8]

0.784

27.9

56.2

28.3

[8.8–47.9]

0.005

15.7

50.1

34.4

[16.7–52.2]

0.000

9.9

26.2

16.3

[1.3–31.3]

0.033

Zimbabwe

57.9

64.3

6.4

[-10.2–23.1]

0.449

43.1

51.1

8.0

[-15.8–31.8]

0.511

19.5

25.8

6.3

[-11.9–24.5]

0.497

4.4

8.0

3.7

[-6.6–13.9]

0.485

Tanzania+

34.7

40.0

5.3

[-6.7-17.2]

0.389

9.7

5.1

-4.5

[-13.7-4.7]

0.338

3.0

3.9

0.9

[-5.7-7.5]

0.790

     
  1. Q1 poorest wealth quintile, Q5 richest wealth quintile, UAE United Arab Emirates, OPT occupied Palestinian territory, CI confidence interval. Note: aIndirectly standardized for age and sex, and controlled for urban-rural location. + Adjusted estimates for hypertension control by wealth quintile in Tanzania could not be obtained due to the low number of positive outcomes