Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries

Palafox, Benjamin; McKee, Martin; Balabanova, Dina; AlHabib, Khalid F.; Avezum, Alvaro Jr; Bahonar, Ahmad; Ismail, Noorhassim; Chifamba, Jephat; Chow, Clara K.; Corsi, Daniel J.; Dagenais, Gilles R.; Diaz, Rafael; Gupta, Rajeev; Iqbal, Romaina; Kaur, Manmeet; Khatib, Rasha; Kruger, Annamarie; Kruger, Iolanthe Marike; Lanas, Fernando; Lopez-Jaramillo, Patricio; Minfan, Fu; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mony, Prem K.; Oguz, Aytekin; Palileo-Villanueva, Lia M.; Perel, Pablo; Poirier, Paul; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Rensheng, Lei; Rosengren, Annika; Soman, Biju; Stuckler, David; Subramanian, S. V.; Teo, Koon; Tsolekile, Lungiswa P.; Wielgosz, Andreas; Yaguang, Peng; Yeates, Karen; Yongzhen, Mo; Yusoff, Khalid; Yusuf, Rita; Yusufali, Afzalhussein; Zatońska, Katarzyna; Yusuf, Salim

doi:10.1186/s12939-016-0478-6

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Hypertension burden and management in the PURE cohort, by country (ordered by 2006 GDP)

From: Wealth and cardiovascular health: a cross-sectional study of wealth-related inequalities in the awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in high-, middle- and low-income countries

	Participants							Hypertensive participants – Standard lower threshold ^a
Country	Number	No. with Hypertension – Standard lower threshold ^a (%) [95%CI]			No. with Hypertension – Alternative lower threshold^a (%) [95%CI]			No. Aware (%) [95%CI]			No. Treated (%) [95%CI]			No. Controlled (%) [95%CI]
Canada	10412	3908	(37.5)	[35.3–39.8]	4347	(41.7)	[39.4–44.1]	2157	(55.2)	[53.3–57.0]	2112	(54.0)	[52.2–55.9]	968	(24.8)	[23.2–26.4]
Sweden	4150	1923	(46.3)	[44.3–48.4]	2008	(48.4)	[46.1–50.6]	696	(36.2)	[32.0–40.6]	608	(31.6)	[26.8–36.8]	169	(8.8)	[7.5–10.3]
UAE	918	477	(52.0)	[48.7–55.2]	487	(53.1)	[49.8–56.3]	247	(51.8)	[47.3–56.3]	240	(50.3)	[45.8–54.8]	63	(13.2)	[10.4–16.6]
Saudi Arabia	1729	515	(29.8)	[27.1–32.6]	546	(31.6)	[29.0–34.3]	319	(61.9)	[56.8–66.9]	309	(60.0)	[55.2–64.6]	169	(32.8)	[28.5–37.5]
Argentina	7497	3809	(50.8)	[49.1–52.5]	4045	(54.0)	[52.5–55.4]	2073	(54.4)	[51.7–57.2]	1924	(50.5)	[47.8–53.3]	569	(14.9)	[12.8–17.4]
Brazil	5581	2938	(52.6)	[51.0–54.3]	3096	(55.5)	[54.2–56.7]	1896	(64.5)	[61.9–67.1]	1838	(62.6)	[60.0–65.1]	685	(23.3)	[21.7–25.0]
Chile	3270	1530	(46.8)	[42.6–51.0]	1664	(50.9)	[46.5–55.2]	890	(58.2)	[53.8–62.4]	798	(52.2)	[46.6–57.6]	332	(21.7)	[18.0–25.9]
Malaysia	11825	5509	(46.6)	[43.9–49.3]	5894	(49.8)	[47.3–52.3]	2648	(48.1)	[45.3–50.9]	2272	(41.2)	[38.1–44.5]	690	(12.5)	[10.9–14.3]
Poland	2029	1368	(67.4)	[63.6–71.0]	1412	(69.6)	[65.7–73.2]	739	(54.0)	[35.0–71.9]	706	(51.6)	[33.4–69.4]	151	(11.0)	[5.4–21.1]
South Africa	3252	1857	(57.1)	[45.4–68.1]	1975	(60.7)	[50.1–70.5]	580	(31.2)	[20.3–44.7]	616	(33.2)	[26.3–40.8]	117	(6.3)	[3.9–9.9]
Turkey	4060	1595	(39.3)	[36.3–42.3]	1770	(43.6)	[40.6–46.6]	910	(57.1)	[53.1–60.9]	808	(50.7)	[46.6–54.8]	330	(20.7)	[16.9–25.0]
China	46751	19471	(41.6)	[39.2–44.1]	20367	(43.6)	[41.2–46.0]	8114	(41.7)	[37.5–46.0]	6557	(33.7)	[29.3–38.4]	1556	(8.0)	[5.9–10.7]
Philippines	1671	855	(51.2)	[43.3–59.0]	891	(53.3)	[45.2–61.3]	466	(54.5)	[29.1–77.8]	394	(46.1)	[21.0–73.3]	115	(13.5)	[3.8–37.7]
Colombia	7506	2817	(37.5)	[35.7–39.4]	3110	(41.4)	[39.8–43.0]	1461	(51.9)	[48.7–55.0]	1309	(46.5)	[43.2–49.7]	484	(17.2)	[15.1–19.5]
Iran	6013	1598	(26.6)	[23.6–29.8]	1939	(32.2)	[29.3–35.4]	841	(52.6)	[45.7–59.5]	816	(51.1)	[44.5–57.6]	293	(18.3)	[13.4–24.6]
OPT	1563	591	(37.8)	[34.1–41.6]	657	(42.0)	[38.5–45.6]	347	(58.7)	[51.8–65.3]	345	(58.4)	[52.4–64.1]	130	(22.0)	[16.5–28.6]
Bangladesh	2747	1080	(39.3)	[36.1–42.7]	1154	(42.0)	[38.7–45.4]	261	(24.2)	[20.3–28.5]	174	(16.1)	[13.1–19.7]	43	(4.0)	[2.6–6.0]
India	27458	8473	(30.9)	[28.5–33.4]	9443	(34.4)	[31.7–37.2]	3565	(42.1)	[38.1–46.2]	2843	(33.6)	[29.9–37.4]	1159	(13.7)	[11.1–16.7]
Pakistan	1294	435	(33.6)	[25.8–42.4]	565	(43.7)	[40.2–47.1]	206	(47.4)	[39.2–55.6]	162	(37.2)	[28.7–46.6]	76	(17.5)	[12.9–23.2]
Zimbabwe	822	453	(55.1)	[37.0–72.0]	515	(62.7)	[44.8–77.6]	223	(49.2)	[31.3–67.4]	119	(26.3)	[17.1–38.0]	36	(7.9)	[4.9–12.6]
Tanzania	1071	410	(38.3)	[34.7–42.0]	439	(41.0)	[37.1–45.0]	45	(11.0)	[7.4–15.9]	12	(2.9)	[2.0–4.3]	2	(0.5)	[0.1–1.7]
Total	151619	61612	(40.6)		66324	(43.7)		28684	(46.6)		24962	(40.5)		8137	(13.2)

OPT occupied Palestinian territory, UAE United Arab Emirates, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, GDP gross domestic product. Notes: ^aHypertension standard lower threshold definition: systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or who report currently taking medication; Hypertension alternative lower threshold: in addition to those under the standard lower threshold definition, also includes those who report having been diagnosed with hypertension by a health professional. Additional file 6 reports additional indicators using the higher threshold definition of hypertension

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