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Table 2 Prevalence of racial discrimination among mothers and partners in the Growing Up in New Zealand birth cohort study

From: The association between maternal and partner experienced racial discrimination and prenatal perceived stress, prenatal and postnatal depression: findings from the growing up in New Zealand cohort study

 

Māori

Pacific

Asian

European

 

Mother (n = 1,260)

%

Partner (n = 653)

%

Mother (n = 1,156)

%

Partner (n = 583)

%

Mother (n = 1,091)

%

Partner (n = 638)

%

Mother (n = 4,245)

%

Partner (n = 3,000)

%

Interpersonal attacks

 Physical attack, ever

4.2

9.2

2.9

7.4

2.4

5.3

2.5

6.9

 Physical attack, past 12 months

1.4

a

1.3

2.2

a

2.4

0.5

1.0

 Verbal attack, ever

28.7

32.6

17.7

25.3

22.8

32.0

17.0

21.6

 Verbal attack, past 12 months

11.5

15.3

7.2

12.4

8.4

14.1

5.5

8.4

 Any personal attack, ever

30.4

37.4

19.3

29.0

24.5

35.3

18.2

25.4

 Any personal attack, past 12 months

12.0

16.2

8.0

13.4

9.1

15.9

5.8

9.0

Unfair treatment

 Health professional, ever

10.2

8.1

8.1

11.7

4.2

4.7

4.5

3.7

 Health professional, past 12 months

5.9

4.9

4.6

4.8

2.6

2.8

2.3

1.8

 Work, ever

7.7

9.8

6.9

14.8

13.3

15.6

3.9

4.5

 Work, past 12 months

2.9

3.7

2.7

9.5

4.1

6.2

1.3

1.7

 Housing, ever

11.7

8.3

8.3

8.8

5.3

6.9

2.6

1.9

 Housing, past 12 months

4.5

2.8

4.1

3.1

2.0

2.4

1.1

0.6

 Criminal justice system, ever

9.0

21.0

5.7

18.8

2.1

7.7

2.0

4.4

 Criminal justice system, past 12 months

3.2

6.7

2.3

8.3

1.0

2.5

0.7

1.4

 Banking system, ever

4.7

4.0

2.7

6.9

1.0

2.2

1.2

1.5

 Banking system, past 12 months

1.7

2.1

1.3

4.3

a

a

0.4

0.8

 Education system, ever

17.1

14.0

8.4

11.0

8.4

5.6

9.8

9.5

 Education system, past 12 months

2.1

a

a

a

1.3

a

0.9

a

 Any unfair treatment, ever

33.8

35.7

25.1

38.8

26.1

30.4

16.9

17.6

 Any unfair treatment, past 12 months

13.6

14.1

12.1

21.0

10.0

12.2

5.2

4.9

One experience, ever

22.8

25.2

17.9

22.3

21.7

23.8

16.5

21.2

Two or more experiences, ever

23.4

27.2

15.5

26.9

15.5

22.0

10.4

12.5

One experience, past 12 months

12.3

15.5

12.0

16.4

11.0

16.3

6.5

8.9

Two or more experiences, past 12 months

7.9

8.1

5.2

11.2

4.4

6.3

2.5

2.8

  1. aCells have fewer than 10 cases. Exact numbers not reported to protect the anonymity of participants