Table 3 Eligibility rules and targeting

HEFs

Poor (under the national poverty line) [40]

Non-Governmental Organizations [29]

Direct: means test (prior—combination of means test screening of a population and consultation with community representatives; or at presentation of treatment—based on asset ownership) [29]

Voluntary [29]

SUBO

Poor (under the national poverty line) [40]

National hospitals and health districts [30]

Direct: means test (pre- and post-identification) and supporting letter from authority [30]

Voluntary [41]

URBMI

Urban residents without formal employment, elderly, uninsured young children primary and secondary school students (but not all groups are eligible in all cities), other unemployed urban residents, must be registered in urban area [31]

Local government [42]

Indirect: social and demographic criteria, direct targeting for additional subsidy for the poor [42]

Voluntary [31]

NRCMS

Rural population with an agricultural resident registration [31]

Local government [43]

Indirect: geographical (all rural) areas [43]

Voluntary [31]

MFA (subsidization of co-contribution)

People living below the poverty line, beneficiaries of social assistance schemes, partly also other groups determined by rural and urban local governments [31]

Local government (township civil affairs office), village committees [44–46]

Mainly direct: economic status assessment

Indirect: social, demographic criteria [44–46]

Voluntary [31]

RSBY

Below poverty line families (family head, spouse, 3 dependants) [24]

State governments: responsible for eligible below poverty line household and corresponding data

Insurance companies: receive information from state governments

Intermediaries: act as social aggregators between insurance companies and beneficiaries [47]

Direct: proxy means test, district below poverty line list prepared by state government and planning commission estimates, using 2002 assessment (perhaps limited below poverty line list, possible target group much larger—more than 75 % of population and more of 93 % of informal workers) [32]

Voluntary [12]

Yeshasvini

Rural co-operative society members and families in Karnatka (min. membership of 6-months), below poverty line and above poverty line [24]

Government’s cooperative structure and cooperative societies (guided by a enrolment rate target) [24]

Indirect: cooperative membership as criterion [24]

Voluntary [24]

Rajiv Aarogyasri

White ration card holders or annual household income below Rs. 75,000 in urban areas and below Rs. 60,000 in rural areas, entire family, below poverty line and above poverty line [24]

Trust transfers data to insurance company [48]

Direct: means test (existing assessment for white ration card) [12]

Voluntary [12]

Kalaignar

Below poverty line or annual household income below Rs. 72,000 and families of 26 welfare boards [24]

State government [24]

Direct: means test [24]

Voluntary [12]

Vajapayee Arogyasri

Below poverty line families (up to 5 members) [24]

State government [24]

Direct: means test, registration data from Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Department [12]

Voluntary [12]

Indonesia

The poor (2005): national poverty line, near poor (since 2007) [33]

Central government: estimates number of eligible based on district poverty indicators

District government: identifies eligible based on welfare and poverty indicators from BPS or family planning board [33]

Direct: proxy means testing (per-capita consumption) plus local government eligibility criteria (there is a quota set for each district based on poverty rates from the national socioeconomic survey) [33]

Voluntary [33]

Mongolia

Citizens covered by social assistance, persons on military service, pensioners, children < 16 years or <18 years if attending general education school, mothers with new-born babies; students

Until 2000 also part-time students and herders [49]

Central government [49]

Direct: method unclear (those eligible for social assistance)

Indirect: social and demographic criteria [50]

Mandatory [49]

Philippines

The poor (as poorest 25 % of population) and their dependents [51]

Local governments till 2010, now central Department of Social Welfare and Development [35]

Direct: proxy means test (= family income test) [35]

Mandatory [52]

Thailand

Individuals not covered by CSMBS or SSS schemes, registration in primary care network as single requirement [36]

Mandatory [36]

Vietnam

Persons of merit and dependants, veterans, children <6 years (100 % subsidy) [15]

n/a

Indirect: social and demographic criteria [53]

Mandatory [15]

The poor, ethnic minorities (100 % subsidy) [15]

Local community and district government [15]

Direct: means-test (yearly household economic survey) plus community involvement [15]

Mandatory [15]

Near-poor (below 130 % poverty line) (70 % since 2012) [54]

Mandatory [15]

Informal sector workers—agricultural households, members of cooperatives, household enterprises (30 % subsidy) [15]

n/a

n/a

Mandatory [15]

School children, students (30 % subsidy) [15]

n/a

Indirect: social and demographic criteria [53]

Mandatory [15]