Table 1 Summary of retained records

Anthony and Blagg [23]

Mixed methods research report (Analysis of licensing, offence and injury data, interviews n = 16 and focus groups)

Report to the Criminology Research Advisory Council exploring licensing, unauthorised driving and outlining alternate pathways to regulating minor driving offences in remote Indigenous communities

***

Service provision in remote communities, provision of licensing services by police, lack of roadworthy cars, licensing sanctions due to fine default, proof of identification, lack of culturally appropriate support programs

Clapham, Khavarpour [20]

Mixed methods program evaluation (5 focus groups n = 55, 23 interviews, program data, offence data)

Evaluation of ‘On the Road’ driver education program targeting Aboriginal people on far North Coast of NSW

*

Proof of identification, literacy (and computer skills), licensing sanctions due to fine default, meeting requirements of GDL (supervised driving practice)

Edmonston, Rumble [27]

Qualitative formative research (interviews n = 50 with Indigenous licensing offenders and focus groups with community members and interagency groups)

Describes methodology and preliminary results to inform development of Queensland Indigenous licensing project

***

Service provision in remote communities, provision of licensing services by police, literacy, language, relevance of tests in remote locations (ie city road rules not suited to remote contexts), lack of local driving instructors, proof of identity, access to roadworthy vehicles, lack of understanding and awareness of licensing regulations (e.g. cannot drive unsupervised as a Learner driver)

Elliot and Shananhan Research [24]

Mixed methods research report (15 focus groups and n = 300 structured interview/surveys)

Report to Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW to quantify and identify licensing issues for Aboriginal people, direct policy and make recommendations for service delivery and monitoring effectiveness

***

Prohibitive costs associated with licensing, licensing sanctions due to fine default, literacy, “shame”, fear of failure and discomfort with service providers e.g. Roads and Maritime Services. Survey results reinforced costs and fine default as main deterrent, and also health problems, older age and literacy

Helps, Moller [28]

Literature review and qualitative research report (series of discussion forums, 3 focus groups n = 30, interviews/case studies n = 10)

Explore the issues around safe and accessible transport and for Aboriginal people in South Australia. Focus areas were: driver licensing, seat restraints, transport issues relating to health and disability.

***

Language, literacy, provision of licensing services by police, prohibitive costs associated with licensing, apprehension toward service providers (local licensing authorities), sanctions due to fine default.

Ivers, Hunter [29]

Synthesis of literature, key informant perspectives and audit of programs

Report to the National Road Safety Council to explore key issues relating to road safety and driver licensing for Aboriginal people in Australia

N/A

Proof of identification, service provision in remote communities, prohibitive costs associated with licensing, literacy, meeting the requirements of GDL (lack of supervisory drivers) and sanctions due to fine default

Ivers, Lyford [25]

Mixed methods pilot study (3 focus groups n = 17 and survey n = 27)

Pilot recruitment and data collection methods, and to identify community road safety concerns and priorities

***

Prohibitive costs associated with licencing, “shame” and fear of failure, proof of identification, literacy, sanctions due to fine default, meeting the requirements of GDL (lack of supervisory drivers for 120 h)

Job and Bin-Sallik [21]

Program Evaluation

Development and implementation of the DriveSafe NT Remote mobile licensing support program

N/A

Proof of identity, literacy, language, remoteness and lack of access to training services, limited access to legal vehicles for and supervisory drivers for driving practice

NSW Auditor General [26]

Mixed methods research report (analysis of NSW licensing and offence data, key informant perspectives and audit of programs)

Review barriers to licensing for Aboriginal people in NSW, and investigate government responses and the effectiveness of actions to prevent or reduce barriers

N/A

Meeting the requirements of the GDL was cited as the main barrier. More specifically the lack of access to appropriate supervisory drivers and literacy, access to licensing services (e.g. to practice the knowledge test), prohibitive costs associated with licensing, proof of identity, sanctions due to fine default, lack of diversionary options, understanding legal processes and requirements (e.g. court attendance)

Rumble and Fox [22]

Program Evaluation

Development and implementation of the Queensland Aboriginal peoples and Torres strait Islander peoples driver licensing program

N/A

Proof of identification, literacy, service provision in remote locations, fear of failure, fear of authorising agencies (e.g. police), sanctions due to fine default

Somssich [31]

Practitioner report

Review of the impact of policy on driver licensing and training programs in remote Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory

N/A

Changes to policy including increased costs and procedures for ensuring proof of identification, which can be problematic in remote communities and for people who have dual names, low income and low literacy. Meeting requirements of GDL (mandatory time periods on Learner licence), lack of local initiatives

Williamson, Thompson [30]

Synthesis of literature, key informant perspectives and audit of programs

Report to South Australia Health to identify barriers and facilitators to driver licensing for Aboriginal people in SA. Describe the relationship between licensing and contact with the justice system and identify initiatives assisting people to overcome barriers

N/A

Prohibitive costs associated with licensing, access to roadworthy vehicle, sanctions due to fine default, meeting the requirements of GDL (access to appropriate supervisory drivers), service provision in remote communities (lack of culturally appropriate service provision, lack of driving instructors, remoteness from licensing authorities, reluctance to engage with service providers (police, local licensing authorities), lack of diversionary programs for offenders, proof of identity, confidence, literacy, health concerns