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Table 5 Effect of insurance on catastrophic expenditure

From: Can health insurance protect against out-of-pocket and catastrophic expenditures and also support poverty reduction? Evidence from Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme

 

Naive model

2SRI

 

Coefficient

ME

Coefficient

ME

Insurance

−0.739***

−0.036

−0.637***

−0.031

 

(0.098)

 

(0.101)

 

Age

0.001

0.000

0.008**

0.000

 

(0.002)

 

(0.003)

 

Male

−0.106

−0.006

−0.161*

−0.009

 

(0.069)

 

(0.071)

 

Household size

−0.039**

−0.002

−0.037*

−0.002

 

(0.015)

 

(0.015)

 

Rural locality

−0.086

−0.004

−0.080

−0.004

 

(0.070)

 

(0.071)

 

Year 2009

0.632***

0.037

0.581***

0.033

 

(0.071)

 

(0.073)

 

Good health status

−0.959***

−0.122

−1.046***

−0.138

 

(0.119)

 

(0.125)

 

Use of out-patient services

0.501***

0.046

0.543***

0.050

 

(0.149)

 

(0.149)

 

Use of in-patient services

1.235***

0.152

1.410***

0.188

 

(0.078)

 

(0.086)

 

Occupation: Farmer

0.043

0.002

−0.037

−0.002

 

(0.105)

 

(0.109)

 

 Government/Self employed

−0.074

−0.004

−0.085

−0.004

 

(0.109)

 

(0.109)

 

 Unemployed

−0.114

−0.006

−0.169

−0.008

 

(0.176)

 

(0.176)

 

Education: Primary

−0.128

−0.007

−0.132

−0.007

 

(0.085)

 

(0.086)

 

 Secondary

−0.284***

−0.016

−0.170*

−0.009

 

(0.083)

 

(0.085)

 

 Tertiary

−0.294*

−0.013

−0.013

−0.001

 

(0.148)

 

(0.162)

 

Residual

  

−1.034***

−0.057

   

(0.236)

 

Constant

−0.990***

 

−0.936***

 
 

(0.205)

 

(0.211)

 

Observations

6,448

 

6,406

 
  1. Standard errors in parentheses ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05: ME- marginal effects 2SRI-2-Stage Residual Inclusion