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Table 1 Number of subjects, number of deaths, and relative risks (adjusted for age and gender) of mortality from all causes by age group: follow-up 12-year mortality data from the 1998 and 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

From: Socioeconomic Inequality in mortality using 12-year follow-up data from nationally representative surveys in South Korea

 

Men and women 30 years of age and older

Men and women 30–64 years of age

Men and women 65 years of age and older

 

Number of subjects (deaths)

RR (95 % CI)

Number of subjects (deaths)

RR (95 % CI)

Number of subjects (deaths)

RR (95 % CI)

Education

      

College or higher

1880 (67)

1.00 (reference)

1816 (41)

1.00 (reference)

64 (26)

1.00 (reference)

High school

3389 (191)

1.37 (1.01–1.85)

3258 (142)

1.70 (1.16–2.49)

131 (49)

0.86 (0.52–1.44)

Middle school

1625 (157)

1.59 (1.15–2.20)

1503 (103)

2.02 (1.32–3.11)

122 (54)

1.03 (0.62–1.71)

Elementary school

2031 (344)

1.66 (1.19–2.30)

1570 (169)

2.26 (1.44–3.57)

461 (175)

0.99 (0.63–1.56)

No formal education

1212 (460)

2.14 (1.49–3.08)

424 (51)

2.94 (1.63–5.33)

788 (409)

1.26 (0.79–2.01)

Occupation

      

Non-manual

1328 (21)

1.00 (reference)

1308 (16)

1.00 (reference)

20 (5)

1.00 (reference)

Manual

5010 (492)

3.01 (1.85–4.92)

4531 (308)

3.85 (2.25–6.60)

479 (184)

1.41 (0.41–4.91)

Other

3799 (706)

4.29 (2.61–7.07)

2732 (182)

5.15 (2.92–9.10)

1067 (524)

2.25 (0.66–7.75)

Occupational class

      

High/middle-high class

1473 (32)

1.00 (reference)

1454 (27)

1.00 (reference)

19 (5)

1.00 (reference)

Middle class

1144 (89)

2.52 (1.64–3.89)

1092 (69)

2.83 (1.77–4.52)

52 (20)

1.68 (0.48–5.82)

Laborers

1467 (71)

2.01 (1.28–3.17)

1442 (65)

2.52 (1.56–4.06)

25 (6)

0.56 (0.13–2.48)

Agricultural/fishery/self-employed

799 (207)

2.15 (1.40–3.32)

553 (92)

2.73 (1.65–4.53)

246 (115)

1.21 (0.38–3.92)

Low social class

1509 (347)

3.08 (2.03–4.68)

1048 (140)

3.99 (2.50–6.34)

461 (207)

1.70 (0.54–5.43)

Other

3745 (473)

3.08 (1.99–4.76)

2982 (113)

3.46 (2.01–5.95)

763 (360)

1.84 (0.57–5.96)

Monthly household income (USD)

      

≥3000

925 (47)

1.00 (reference)

862 (20)

1.00 (reference)

63 (27)

1.00 (reference)

2000–2999

1713 (107)

1.27 (0.87–1.84)

1593 (58)

1.48 (0.83–2.64)

120 (49)

1.05 (0.64–1.72)

1000–1999

4019 (325)

1.52 (1.08–2.14)

3690 (184)

1.90 (1.11–3.25)

329 (141)

1.19 (0.76–1.85)

<1000

3480 (740)

1.90 (1.34–2.71)

2426 (244)

2.39 (1.38–4.14)

1054 (496)

1.58 (0.99–2.52)

Equivalized income quintile

      

I (highest)

1914 (116)

1.00 (reference)

1770 (58)

1.00 (reference)

144 (58)

1.00 (reference)

II

2128 (131)

1.07 (0.81–1.41)

1993 (72)

0.99 (0.68–1.44)

135 (59)

1.23 (0.80–1.87)

III

1965 (171)

1.27 (0.96–1.67)

1767 (97)

1.50 (1.05–2.16)

198 (74)

1.05 (0.71–1.55)

IV

2137 (298)

1.60 (1.25–2.04)

1809 (144)

1.67 (1.18–2.38)

328 (154)

1.53 (1.09–2.13)

V (lowest)

1993 (503)

1.55 (1.22–1.96)

1232 (135)

1.66 (1.17–2.37)

761 (368)

1.50 (1.09–2.07)

Type of health insurance

      

National health insurance

9752 (1097)

1.00 (reference)

8339 (475)

1.00 (reference)

1413 (622)

1.00 (reference)

Medical aid program

315 (108)

1.57 (1.23–2.01)

170 (23)

2.49 (1.53–4.06)

145 (85)

1.36 (1.05–1.77)

No health insurance

70 (14)

2.45 (1.37–4.40)

62 (8)

2.22 (1.01–4.90)

8 (6)

2.94 (1.18–7.32)

Self-rated living standard

      

Rich or higher

368 (38)

1.00 (reference)

303 (10)

1.00 (reference)

65 (28)

1.00 (reference)

Fair

5768 (520)

1.03 (0.71–1.48)

5085 (237)

0.95 (0.45–2.01)

683 (283)

1.04 (0.69–1.56)

Poor

3318 (496)

1.31 (0.90–1.90)

2696 (201)

1.17 (0.55–2.52)

622 (295)

1.33 (0.88–2.00)

Very poor

683 (165)

1.72 (1.15–2.56)

487 (58)

1.79 (0.80–3.97)

196 (107)

1.61 (1.03–2.52)

  1. USD US dollars; RR relative risk; CI confidence interval