Table 1 Proportion of ever married women who believe FGM should be discontinued, by background characteristics and over EDHS waves
Npd/N %pd | EDHS survey (year) | Ε2 across survey waves | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1995 | 2000 | 2003 | 2005 | 2008 | 2014 | ||
Total | 1882/14769 12.7 % | 2326/15558 15.0 % | 1620/9154 17.7 % | 4536/19461 23.3 % | 4742/16524 28.7 % | 6807/21756 31.3 % | |
Birth cohort | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.003*** | 0.003*** | 0.002 | 0.001*** | 0.002*** | 0.003*** | |
1945–49 | 186/1286 14.5 % | ||||||
1950–54 | 296/2040 14.5 % | 341/2163 15.8 % | 67/323 20.7 % | 0.002* | |||
1955–59 | 315/2405 13.1 % | 354/2181 16.2 % | 214/1287 16.6 % | 515/2310 22.3 % | 194/680 28.5 % | 0.014*** | |
1960–64 | 361/2644 13.7 % | 428/2637 16.2 % | 264/1474 17.9 % | 715/2849 25.1 % | 592/2266 26.1 % | 100/316 31.6 % | 0.018*** |
1965–69 | 359/2846 12.6 % | 438/2704 16.2 % | 263/1509 17.4 % | 709/3154 22.5 % | 670/2572 26.0 % | 818/2675 30.6 % | 0.023*** |
1970–74 | 285/2430 11.7 % | 408/2832 14.4 % | 299/1621 18.4 % | 782/3206 24.4 % | 724/2548 28.4 % | 806/2886 27.9 % | 0.025*** |
1975–79 | 79/1093 7.2 % | 295/2339 12.6 % | 330/1713 19.3 % | 912/3762 24.2 % | 914/2963 30.8 % | 1103/3678 30.0 % | 0.033*** |
1980–84 | 2/26 7.7 % | 63/700 9.0 % | 166/1098 15.1 % | 723/3173 22.8 % | 992/3227 30.7 % | 1330/4155 32.0 % | 0.025*** |
1985–89 | 0/2 0.0 % | 16/127 12.6 % | 180/1004 17.9 % | 605/2057 29.4 % | 1592/4633 34.4 % | 0.016*** | |
1990–94 | 1/5 20.0 % | 51/211 24.2 % | 922/2842 32.4 % | 0.002* | |||
1995–99 | 136/570 23.9 % | ||||||
Region | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.076*** | 0.091*** | 0.064*** | 0.071*** | 0.073*** | 0.062*** | |
Urban Governorates | 835/3312 25.2 % | 988/2983 33.1 % | 561/1666 33.7 % | 1371/3288 41.7 % | 1434/2931 48.9 % | 1453/2774 52.4 % | 0.039*** |
Lower Egypt - Urban | 350/1828 19.1 % | 372/1945 19.1 % | 300/1179 25.4 % | 787/2198 35.8 % | 731/1936 37.8 % | 1075/2317 46.4 % | 0.051*** |
Lower Egypt - Rural | 208/4377 4.8 % | 271/4880 5.6 % | 320/2922 11.0 % | 1108/6208 17.8 % | 1094/5682 19.3 % | 2171/8342 26.0 % | 0.048*** |
Upper Egypt - Urban | 296/1578 18.8 % | 396/1806 21.9 % | 242/1061 22.8 % | 591/2410 24.5 % | 648/1789 36.2 % | 901/2421 37.2 % | 0.026*** |
Upper Egypt - Rural | 149/3540 4.2 % | 251/3738 6.7 % | 197/2327 8.5 % | 582/5140 11.3 % | 727/3959 18.4 % | 1116/5709 19.5 % | 0.031*** |
Frontier Governorate | 45/135 33.3 % | 49/207 23.7 % | 98/218 45.0 % | 108/227 47.6 % | 91/194 46.9 % | 0.038*** | |
Religion | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.035*** | 0.036*** | 0.036*** | 0.037*** | |||
Muslim | 1573/13974 11.3 % | 3939/18397 21.4 % | 4213/15737 26.8 % | 6177/20915 29.5 % | 0.025*** | ||
Christian | 309/792 39.0 % | 595/1049 56.7 % | 527/782 67.4 % | 623/819 76.1 % | 0.074*** | ||
Other | 0/1 0.0 % | 7/17 41.2 % | 0.040 | ||||
Missing | 0/2 0.0 % | 2326/15558 15.0 % | 1620/9154 17.7 % | 2/15 13.3 % | 1/5 20.0 % | 0/6 0.0 % | 0.001*** |
Respondent circumcised? | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.163*** | 0.076*** | 0.078*** | 0.084*** | 0.080*** | 0.090*** | |
No | 393/439 89.5 % | 304/405 75.1 % | 206/256 80.5 % | 663/807 82.2 % | 644/732 88.0 % | 1329/1675 79.3 % | 0.013*** |
Yes | 1489/14331 10.4 % | 2022/15153 13.3 % | 1411/8885 15.9 % | 3872/18645 20.8 % | 4098/15788 26.0 % | 5474/20075 27.3 % | 0.026*** |
Labor market status | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.088*** | 0.059*** | 0.051*** | 0.038*** | 0.033*** | 0.018*** | |
Not working | 1181/11767 10.0 % | 1587/12809 12.4 % | 1109/7076 15.7 % | 3285/15146 21.7 % | 3647/13776 26.5 % | 5546/18246 30.4 % | 0.035*** |
Prof., Tech., Manag. | 432/964 44.8 % | 464/1119 41.5 % | 304/762 39.9 % | 678/1553 43.7 % | 658/1264 52.1 % | 754/1589 47.5 % | 0.006*** |
Clerical | 207/660 31.4 % | 205/641 32.0 % | 109/274 39.8 % | 240/548 43.8 % | 139/314 44.3 % | 139/324 42.9 % | 0.014*** |
Sales | 16/360 4.4 % | 9/157 5.7 % | 24/101 23.8 % | 53/298 17.8 % | 30/115 26.1 % | 89/398 22.4 % | 0.053*** |
Agric-self employed | 0/378 0.0 % | 1/59 1.7 % | 7/174 4.0 % | 43/598 7.2 % | 8/78 10.3 % | 25/221 11.3 % | 0.029*** |
Agric-employee | 4/294 1.4 % | 9/415 2.2 % | 24/501 4.8 % | 31/506 6.1 % | 37/322 11.5 % | 22/344 6.4 % | 0.018*** |
Household & domestic | 6/83 7.2 % | ||||||
Services | 6/42 14.3 % | 18/157 11.5 % | 27/100 27.0 % | 152/447 34.0 % | 172/398 43.2 % | 146/353 41.4 % | 0.045*** |
Skilled manual | 24/209 11.5 % | 21/161 13.0 % | 15/157 9.6 % | 43/217 19.8 % | 35/110 31.8 % | 72/240 30.0 % | 0.046*** |
Unskilled manual | v | 0/4 0.0 % | 11/145 7.6 % | 12/140 8.6 % | 14/41 34.1 % | 0.076*** | |
Don’t know | 0/4 0.0 % | 1/4 25.0 % | 2/2 100.0 % | 0/2 0.0 % | 0.693* | ||
Highest education level | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.201*** | 0.165*** | 0.122*** | 0.093*** | 0.106*** | 0.064*** | |
No education | 174/6460 2.7 % | 300/6730 4.5 % | 187/3451 5.4 % | 758/6736 11.3 % | 716/5302 13.5 % | 894/5232 17.1 % | 0.033*** |
Primary | 248/3666 6.8 % | 251/2845 8.8 % | 194/1559 12.4 % | 437/3051 14.3 % | 406/2047 19.8 % | 498/2232 22.3 % | 0.027*** |
Secondary | 905/3701 24.5 % | 1064/4716 22.6 % | 807/3284 24.6 % | 2288/7660 29.9 % | 2439/7236 33.7 % | 3757/11275 33.3 % | 0.009*** |
Higher | 555/943 58.9 % | 711/1267 56.1 % | 432/860 50.2 % | 1053/2015 52.3 % | 1182/1940 60.9 % | 1658/3017 55.0 % | 0.005*** |
Partner’s education level | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.161*** | 0.128*** | 0.084*** | 0.064*** | 0.073*** | 0.039*** | |
No education | 116/4490 2.6 % | 222/4675 4.7 % | 135/2231 6.1 % | 540/4507 12.0 % | 507/3579 14.2 % | 742/3721 19.9 % | 0.042*** |
Primary | 229/4047 5.7 % | 241/3390 7.1 % | 210/1953 10.8 % | 613/3776 16.2 % | 548/2817 19.5 % | 739/3130 23.6 % | 0.038*** |
Secondary | 743/4486 16.6 % | 938/5405 17.4 % | 722/3599 20.1 % | 2022/8158 24.8 % | 2332/7534 31.0 % | 3588/11384 31.5 % | 0.019*** |
Higher | 792/1716 46.2 % | 922/2069 44.6 % | 553/1368 40.4 % | 1353/2990 45.3 % | 1356/2593 52.3 % | 1737/3518 49.4 % | 0.005*** |
Don’t know | 2/30 6.7 % | 3/19 15.8 % | 0/2 0.0 % | 0.025 | |||
Marital status | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.001** | 0.001*** | 0.001** | 0.001*** | 0.002*** | 0.001** | |
Married | 1782/13700 13.0 % | 2193/14369 15.3 % | 1517/8441 18.0 % | 4244/18174 23.4 % | 4453/15394 28.9 % | 6410/20456 31.3 % | 0.028*** |
Widowed | 69/746 9.2 % | 74/775 9.5 % | 53/442 12.0 % | 140/764 18.3 % | 139/671 20.7 % | 176/667 26.4 % | 0.030*** |
Divorced | 31/322 9.6 % | 42/307 13.7 % | 42/205 20.5 % | 118/394 29.9 % | 128/353 36.3 % | 169/460 36.7 % | 0.060*** |
Not living together | 17/108 15.7 % | 8/67 11.9 % | 33/128 25.8 % | 23/107 21.5 % | 53/174 30.5 % | 0.024** | |
Place of residence | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.071*** | 0.093*** | 0.065*** | 0.056*** | 0.069*** | 0.052*** | |
Capital, large city | 894/3702 24.1 % | 1111/3393 32.7 % | 634/1925 32.9 % | 1535/4109 37.4 % | 1714/3662 46.8 % | 0.026*** | |
Small city | 447/2038 21.9 % | 539/2554 21.1 % | 383/1474 26.0 % | 1084/3185 34.0 % | 936/2459 38.1 % | 0.023*** | |
Town | 166/1063 15.6 % | 140/913 15.3 % | 87/508 17.1 % | 196/732 26.8 % | 238/685 34.7 % | 0.034*** | |
Countryside | 376/7967 4.7 % | 537/8699 6.2 % | 517/5249 9.8 % | 1722/11436 15.1 % | 1853/9717 19.1 % | 3324/14135 23.5 % | 0.040*** |
Urban (2014) | 3483/7621 45.7 % | ||||||
Number of children born | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.040*** | 0.032*** | 0.028*** | 0.030*** | 0.029*** | 0.022*** | |
0 | 216/1388 15.6 % | 213/1350 15.8 % | 161/876 18.4 % | 495/1857 26.7 % | 598/1694 35.3 % | 730/1881 38.8 % | 0.045*** |
1 | 329/1797 18.3 % | 383/2037 18.8 % | 314/1281 24.5 % | 821/2793 29.4 % | 891/2544 35.0 % | 1118/3097 36.1 % | 0.025*** |
2 | 499/2400 20.8 % | 668/2822 23.7 % | 434/1815 23.9 % | 1260/4060 31.0 % | 1257/3586 35.1 % | 2009/5422 37.1 % | 0.017*** |
3 | 423/2411 17.5 % | 512/2723 18.8 % | 369/1808 20.4 % | 989/3957 25.0 % | 1071/3588 29.8 % | 1658/5300 31.3 % | 0.015*** |
4 | 226/1922 11.8 % | 261/2072 12.6 % | 177/1196 14.8 % | 503/2610 19.3 % | 504/2227 22.6 % | 786/3242 24.2 % | 0.016*** |
5 or more | 189/4851 3.9 % | 288/4553 6.3 % | 164/2177 7.5 % | 468/4185 11.2 % | 422/2886 14.6 % | 507/2815 18.0 % | 0.027*** |
Wealth index | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.081*** | 0.043*** | 0.024*** | 0.023*** | 0.014*** | 0.003*** | |
Low | 71/2511 2.8 % | 168/1533 11.0 % | 109/729 15.0 % | 329/1370 24.0 % | 266/988 26.9 % | 302/851 35.5 % | 0.096*** |
Middle | 366/6276 5.8 % | 335/5620 6.0 % | 202/2421 8.3 % | 613/4911 12.5 % | 1019/4922 20.7 % | 4315/14619 29.5 % | 0.072*** |
High | 1445/5982 24.2 % | 1823/8405 21.7 % | 1309/6005 21.8 % | 3595/13181 27.3 % | 3457/10614 32.6 % | 2190/6286 34.8 % | 0.012*** |
Literacy | |||||||
Ε2 across categories of variable | 0.142*** | 0.103*** | 0.087*** | 0.065*** | 0.072*** | 0.040*** | |
Illiterate | 214/7896 2.7 % | 343/7749 4.4 % | 239/4015 6.0 % | 891/7902 11.3 % | 778/5823 13.4 % | 964/5815 16.6 % | 0.032*** |
Partly literate | 95/1506 6.3 % | 129/1248 10.3 % | 85/685 12.4 % | 195/1208 16.1 % | 252/1175 21.4 % | 262/1054 24.9 % | 0.034*** |
Fully literate | 1573/5364 29.3 % | 1853/6557 28.3 % | 1295/4448 29.1 % | 3438/10294 33.4 % | 3711/9514 39.0 % | 5578/14880 37.5 % | 0.007*** |