State budget transfers to Health Insurance Funds for universal health coverage: institutional design patterns and challenges of covering those outside the formal sector in Eastern European high-income countries

Table 6 Pooling arrangements

Country	Single/multiple pool(s)	Integrated/separated pool for the exempt and contributors	Type of membership of contributors
Croatia	Single: Croatian Health Insurance Institute [56]	Integrated [56]	Mandatory [50]
Czech Republic	Multiple [24]	Integrated [24]	Mandatory [24]
Estonia	Single: Estonian Health Insurance Fund [57]	Integrated [57]	Mandatory
Estonia	Single: Estonian Health Insurance Fund [57]	Integrated [57]	Voluntary: residents who receive a pension from abroad, unregistered unemployed, students studying beyond normal length of study [16]
Hungary	Single: Health Insurance Fund, administrated by the National Health Insurance Fund Administration [17]	Integrated [17]	Mandatory [17]
Poland	Single: National Health Fund [53]	Integrated [18]	Mandatory
Poland	Single: National Health Fund [53]	Integrated [18]	Voluntary for employees on unpaid leave, persons engaged in certain types of contract work, volunteers [18]
Slovakia	Multiple [22]	Integrated [22]	Mandatory [22]
Slovenia	Single: Health Insurance Institute of Slovenia [23]	Integrated [23]	Mandatory [23]

ISSN: 1475-9276