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Table 3 Average marginal effects from multivariate multinomial ordinal models (fixed effects) showing micro- and macro-level predictors of fair SRH over time among countries during pre-, mild-, or severe-recession

From: Individual-level changes in self-rated health before and during the economic crisis in Europe

 

Pre-recession

Mild recession

Severe recession

Predictors

AME (SE)

AME (SE)

AME (SE)

Model 1

   

 Time (years)

−0.005 (0.001)***

0.003 (<0.001)***

0.005 (<0.001)***

Model 2

   

Individual-level:

   

 Time (years)

−0.008 (0.001)***

−0.003 (<0.001)**

0.001 (0.001)

 Gender (male vs. female)

0.014 (0.002)***

0.002 (0.003)

0.012 (0.002)***

 Age (25–40 vs. 40–60 years)

0.116 (0.002)***

0.101 (0.004)***

0.078 (0.003)***

 Tertiary education

−0.089 (0.002)***

−0.071 (0.004)***

−0.060 (0.003)***

 Transition to employment

−0.062 (0.004)***

−0.097 (0.011)***

−0.038 (0.008)***

 Transition to unemployment

0.074 (0.008)***

0.041 (0.012)**

0.039 (0.008)***

Country-level:

   

 Welfare generosity

−0.105 (0.002)***

−0.039 (0.004)***

−0.082 (0.004)***

 Gini

0.077 (0.008)***

0.014 (0.019)

0.071 (0.012)***

Observations (person-years)

159,303

47,157

34,840

Number of participants

58,605

16,537

19,197

Number of countries

23

12

11

  1. AME indicates the averaged change in probability (P(y = 1)) given the distribution of other independent variables for all observations. AME controlled for baseline employment status, marital status, household income, and GDP growth rate
  2. Welfare generosity and Gini coefficients were transformed into natural logarithms
  3. Transition variables had values ranging from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates “always employed” and 1 indicates “always unemployed” during the study period
  4. Mild-recession countries were Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Sweden
  5. Severe-recession countries were Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Spain, and the UK
  6. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05; AME = average marginal effects; SE = standard error