Table 1 Descriptive summary of study participants (balanced panel)

ᅟVery good/good

35,715 (65.8)

36,145 (66.6)

35,489 (65.1)

25,626 (70.5)

25,307 (70.9)

25,467 (70.8)

25,056 (70.7)

ᅟFair

13,641 (25.1)

13,514 (24.9)

12,264 (23.5)

8039 (22.1)

7873 (22.1)

7983 (22.2)

7722 (21.8)

ᅟBad/very bad

4916 (9.1)

4642 (8.7)

4396 (8.4)

2668 (7.4)

2499 (7.0)

2518 (7.0)

2638 (7.5)

ᅟ25–40

27,169 (41.7)

26,921 (41.0)

25,415 (40.2)

16,900 (39.1)

16,372 (38.5)

16,134 (37.5)

15,642 (36.8)

ᅟ40–60

38,014 (58.3)

38,697 (59.0)

37,766 (59.8)

26,288 (60.9)

26,267 (62.5)

26,897 (62.5)

26,821 (63.2)

Education, N (%):

ᅟLess than tertiary

50,902 (78.1)

50,939 (77.6)

48,601 (76.9)

31,971 (74.0)

31,335 (73.5)

31,301 (72.7)

30,485 (71.8)

ᅟTertiary

14,281 (21.9)

14,679 (22.4)

14,580 (23.1)

11,217 (26.0)

11,304 (26.5)

11,730 (27.3)

11,978 (28.2)

Employment status, N (%):

ᅟEmployed

46,065 (71.2)

47,330 (72.9)

46,291 (74.2)

32,495 (75.9)

32,672 (74.8)

31,868 (74.6)

31,630 (75.0)

ᅟUnemployed

4808 (7.4)

4349 (6.7)

3685 (5.9)

2241 (5.2)

2950 (6.9)

3335 (7.8)

3359 (7.9)

ᅟOther

13,834 (21.4)

13,246 (20.4)

12,397 (19.9)

8061 (18.9)

7731 (18.3)

7526 (17.6)

7162 (16.9)

ᅟGDP, M (SD)

3.44 (2.01)

4.76 (2.09)

4.82 (2.72)

0.97 (2.14)

−4.83 (4.00)

1.79 (1.73)

2.12 (2.06)

ᅟGini, M (SD)

29.78 (4.41)

29.06 (4.07)

28.87 (3.73)

28.90 (3.69)

29.01 (3.97)

28.94 (3.96)

29.03 (3.75)

ᅟWelfare generosity, M (SD)

144.08 (98.31)

141.88 (97.33)

139.26 (96.25)

186.81 (118.01)

184.93 (117.93)

180.74 (117.47)

180.40 (117.39)

ᅟUnemployment rate per country, M (SD)

8.68 (4.22)

7.61 (3.13)

6.31 (2.14)

6.28 (2.31)

8.89 (4.07)

10.17 (4.77)

9.89 (4.66)