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Table 2 Bivariatea and multivariate-adjustedb odds of moderate (greater than 5 % to less than 20 %) risk of developing diabetes in the next 10 years, according to individual-level education, income, and food security, from a multinomial logistic regression model compared to low-risk (≤5 %)

From: The influence of socioeconomic status on future risk for developing Type 2 diabetes in the Canadian population between 2011 and 2022: differential associations by sex

 

Moderate risk

Females

Males

Age-adjusted

Fully-adjusted

Age-adjusted

Fully-adjusted

Highest level of household education

    

Less than secondary

2.37 (1.93-2.92, p < 0.0001)*

2.04 (1.63-2.55), p < 0.0001*

1.47 (1.10-1.98), p = 0.0103*

1.39 (1.01-1.92), p = 0.0430*

Secondary graduation

1.87 (1.61-2.17, p < 0.0001)*

1.77 (1.50-2.09), p < 0.0001*

1.47 (1.20-1.81), p = 0.0002*

1.47 (1.15-1.87), p = 0.0022*

Some post-secondary

1.82 (1.42-2.33, p < 0.0001)*

1.83 (1.42-2.36), p < 0.0001*

1.28 (0.95-1.72), p = 0.1026

1.34 (0.98-1.84), p = 0.0642*

Post-secondary grad

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Household income quintile

    

Quintile 1 (lowest)

2.11 (1.84-2.43), p < 0.0001*

1.43 (1.22-1.67), p < 0.0001*

1.59 (1.30-1.95), p < 0.0001*

1.05 (0.84-1.33), p = 0.6624

Quintile 2

1.79 (1.57-2.03), p < 0.0001*

1.36 (1.16-1.59), p = 0.0002

1.67 (1.40-2.00), p < 0.0001*

1.25 (1.01-1.56), p = 0.0430*

Quintile 3

1.55 (1.37-1.76), p < 0.0001*

1.36 (1.19-1.56), p < 0.0001*

1.19 (1.02-1.40), p = 0.0325*

0.99 (0.82-1.20), p = 0.9239

Quintile 4

1.40 (1.23-1.59), p < 0.0001*

1.39 (1.20-1.60), p < 0.0001*

1.18 (1.01-1.38), p = 0.0406*

1.17 (0.98-1.39), p = 0.0796

Quintile 5 (highest)

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Food security

    

Food secure

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Moderately insecure

1.77 (1.45-2.16), p < 0.0001*

1.57 (1.26-1.95), p < 0.0001*

1.00 (0.77-1.31), p = 0.9767

0.76 (0.56-1.03), p = 0.0808

Severely insecure

1.54 (1.22-1.95), p = 0.0003*

1.30 (1.00-1.69), p = 0.0532

1.40 (0.98-2.00), p = 0.0636

1.16 (0.76-1.76), p = 0.4885

  1. aBivariate model adjusts for continuous age. bMultivariate model adjusts for continuous age, white/non-white ethnicity, immigrant status, self-perceived health, smoking status, physical activity level, and life satisfaction
  2. *indicates statistical significance at alpha = 0.05