Table 4 Association (OR [95 % CI]) between housing-related exposures and poor mental health among the population assisted by Caritas Barcelona Multivariate dimension-specific models (1–4) and full model (5)

Model 1

Model 1

Model 1

Model 1

Affordability

Problems meetingmonthly costs

 Strongly agree

1

1

1

1

1

 Agree

0.7 (0.2; 1.8)

1.0 (0.4; 2.3)

0.5 (0.2; 1.2)

0.5 (0.2; 1.0)^*

1.7 (0.6; 4.7)

 Strongly disagree, disagree, indifferent

0.4 (0.1; 2.0)

0.7(0.3;2.0)

0.2 (0.1; 0.6)^***

0.1 (0.0; 0.4)^***

4.9 (0.9; 26.7)^*

In the last 12 months, worried about not having sufficient money for food

 No

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Yes

8.8 (2.8; 27.7)^***

14.2 (3.7; 54.9)^***

3.3 (1.5; 7.5)^***

3.2 (1.5; 7.0)^***

2.7 (1.1; 6.7)^**

8.9(3.2; 25.2)^***

6.0 (2.5; 14.6)^***

Time in current house

  ≥ 2 years

1

1

1

1

  < 2 years

0.5 (0.2; 1.5)

0.8 (0.4; 1.7)

0.5 (0.3; 1.2)

1.3 (0.5; 3.6)

Has ever lived in a shack, shelter, car, street

 No

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Yes

7.5 (1.7; 32.9)^***

11.2 (2.3; 55.2)^***

5.7 (1.5; 21.4)^***

5.9 (1.6; 21.8)^***

4.8 (1.6;14.4)^***

4.0 (1.4; 11.8)^**

5.1 (1.3; 20.3)^**

5.4 (1.4; 20.4)^***

Model 2

Model 2

Model 2

Model 2

Emotional link with the dwelling

 Very satisfied or satisfied

1

1

1

1

1

 Indifferent

3.4 (1.2; 9.5)^**

6.6 (1.7; 23.2)^***

1.6 (0.8; 3.5)

2.0 (0.9; 4.4)^*

1.9 (0.8; 4.8)

 Very unsatisfied or unsatisfied

12.5 (3.2; 48.4)^***

34.2 (5.8; 201.9)^***

2.1 (0.9; 4.7)^*

4.8 (2.0;11.5)^***

3.3 (1.2; 9.0)^**

Model 3

Model 3

Model 3

Model 3

Dwelling Conditions

Housing type

 Apartment/single family home (rented)

1

1

1

1

 Apartment/single family home (owned)

0.6 (0.2; 2.4)

0.9 (0.3; 2.8)

0.4 (0.0; 6.0)

1.2 (0.4; 3.2)

 Room (part of a house)

1.1 (0.3; 4.3)

1.2 (0.4; 3.5)

1.1 (0.4; 2.9)

4.3 (0.3; 58.5)

 Other^e

0.9 (0.2; 4.9)

0.8 (0.3; 2.1)

0.7 (0.3; 2.0)

3.1 (0.6; 14.6)

Number of habitability problems (tertiles)

 0–1

1

1

1

1

 2

1.7 (0.6; 5.0)

2.2 (0.9; 5.3)^*

2.4 (1.0; 5.8)^*

2.6 (1.0; 7.1)^*

 3–5

3.8 (0.9; 16.2)*

1.3 (0.5; 3.1)

1.8 (0.8; 4.1)

5.3 (1.1; 26.4)^**

Missing values

2.2 (0.3; 14.4)

1.3 (0.3; 5.9)

4.5 (0.9; 23.2)^*

0.3 (0.0; 2.5)

N°housing-related material deprivations (tertiles)

 0–3

1

1

1

1

 4

4.7 (1.0; 21.7)^*

1.6 (0.7; 3.7)

3.2 (1.2; 8.4)^**

2.4 (0.8; 7.3)

 5

2.0 (0.7; 6.1)

2.1 (0.9; 5.9)^*

2.2 (1.0; 4.9)^*

2.2 (0.6; 7.8)

Overcrowding

  ≤ 1 ppr

1

1

1

1

1

  > 1 ppr

0.4 (0.1; 1.2)^*

0.2 (0.0; 0.6)^***

1.3 (0.5; 3.2)

0.9 (0.4; 2.2)

1.1 (0.3; 3.3)

Model 4

Model 4

Model 4

Model 4

Neighbourhood and community conditions

Evaluation of neighbourhood as a place to live

 Very good, good or indifferent

1

1

1

1

 Very bad or bad

3.2 (0.8; 13.6)

1.5 (0.5;4.0)

2.2 (0.8; 6.1)

2.3 (0.7; 8.0)

Noise

 Noise does not impede sleep

1

1

1

1

1

1

 Noise does impede sleep

1.4 0.6; 3.5)

2.4 (1.2; 4.9)^**

2.2 (1.1; 4.4)^**

3.6 (1.7; 7.7)^***

3.7 (1.6; 8.2)^***

1.0 (0.5; 2.2)

Safe neighbourhood (when returning home at night) where violence is not a problem

 Strongly agree or agree

1

1

1

1

 Strongly disagree or disagree or indifferent

1.2 (0.5; 3.0)

1.5 (0.7; 3.2)

1.2 (0.6; 2.4)

1.6 (0.6; 3.9)