Social inequality in morbidity, framed within the current economic crisis in Spain

Table 7 Malignant tumors regressed on education, period, economic context, and change variables, for women and men (y-standardized Odds Ratios)

	Men						Women
	Model 0		Model 1		Model 2		Model 0		Model 1		Model 2
	OR		OR		OR		OR		OR		OR
Intercept	0.12	***	0.08	***	0.08	***	0.15	***	0.07	***	0.08	***
(1) Individual variables^a
Education Level (ref. University Studies)
Illiterate, no diploma, or primary education			0.84	*	0.84	*			0.91		0.92
Lower Secondary			0.94		0.94				1.02		1.03
Upper Secondary			0.94		0.94				0.94		0.95
Higher technical education			0.99		1.00				0.93		0.93
(2) Period Variables
Period (ref. 2003)
2009			1.07		1.05				0.96		0.97
2011			1.09		0.93				0.87	*	0.85
Change in real GDP growth rate					0.99						1.00
Change in low work intensity indicator					1.02						1.01
(3) Context Variables
Mean real GDP growth rate					1.13						1.01
Mean low work intensity indicator					0.99						1.00
Variance
Region	0.025	(0.031)	0.018	(0.025)	0.016	(0.024)	0.012	(0.013)	0.019	(0.026)	0.028	(0.036)
Period	0.024	(0.030)	0.029	(0.032)	0.050	(0.041)	0.016	(0.017)	0.017	(0.021)	0.024	(0.022)
VPC
Region^b	0.7 %		0.5 %		0.5 %		0.4 %		0.6 %		0.8 %
Period^c	0.7 %		0.9 %		1.5 %		0.5 %		0.5 %		0.7 %
VPC at higher levels (Region + Period)	1.5 %		1.4 %		2.0 %		0.8 %		1.1 %		1.6 %
DIC:	3795.571		3342.897		3343.505		7058.139		6372.18		6374.839
Units: Region	17		17		17		17		17		17
Units: Period	51		51		51		51		51		51
Units: Individuals	21,257		21,049		21,049		26,181		25,918		25,918

***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; +p < 0.1
N_men = 21,260; N_women = 26,182
^aAll analyses controlled for age, work status, marital status, and household type at individual level
^bVariance Partition Coefficient at region level (σ² region)/ (σ² region + σ² period + 3.29)
^cVariance Partition Coefficient at period level (σ² period)/ (σ² region + σ² period + 3.29)
The cross-level interaction effects between education and change variables (Models 3) were not reported in this table because there is no evidence about educational gradient and contextual/period effects in malignant tumors. In addition these cross-level interaction effects are not significant (See complete models in Additional file 2)

ISSN: 1475-9276