Social inequality in morbidity, framed within the current economic crisis in Spain

Table 5 Diabetes regressed on education, period, economic context and change variables, for women and men (y-standardized Odds Ratios)

	Men						Women
	Model 0		Model 1		Model 2		Model 0		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3b
	OR		OR		OR		OR		OR		OR		OR
Intercept	0.21	***	0.07	***	0.07	***	0.18	***	0.08	***	0.09	***	0.09	***
(1) Individual variables^a
Education Level (ref. University Studies)
Illiterate, no diploma, or primary education			1.41	***	1.40	***			1.67	***	1.70	***	1.71	***
Lower Secondary			1.21	**	1.20	**			1.35	***	1.37	***	1.38	***
Upper Secondary			1.19	*	1.19	**			1.28	**	1.30	***	1.26	**
Higher technical education			1.04		1.04				1.26	*	1.26	*	1.25	*
(2) Period Variables
Period (ref. 2006)
2009			1.01		1.04				1.05		0.94		0.93
2011			1.13	*	0.96				1.14	**	0.99		1.00
Change in real GDP growth rate					1.01						0.95		0.94
Change in low work intensity indicator					1.04	**					0.99		0.97
(3) Context Variables
Mean real GDP growth rate					0.96						0.98		0.97
Mean low work intensity indicator					1.02	*					1.04	**	1.04	**
(1) Education level* (2) Period Variables
Illiterate, no diploma, or primary education* Change in Low work intensity indicator													1.03	+
Variance
Region	0.013	(0.013)	0.025	(0.023)	0.019	(0.019)	0.054	(0.030)	0.066	(0.048)	0.026	(0.028)	0.030	(0.028)
Period	0.034	(0.019)	0.016	(0.020)	0.010	(0.012)	0.007	(0.007)	0.005	(0.007)	0.006	(0.007)	0.005	(0.007)
VPC
Region^b	0.4 %		0.8 %		0.6 %		1.6 %		2.0 %		0.8 %		0.9 %
Period^c	1.0 %		0.5 %		0.3 %		0.2 %		0.1 %		0.2 %		0.2 %
VPC at higher levels (Region + Period)	1.4 %		1.2 %		0.9 %		1.8 %		2.1 %		1.0 %		1.1 %
DIC:	8762.19		7419.424		7412.147		8950.835		7963.463		7964.03		7960.65
Units: Region	17		17		17		17		17		17		17
Units: Period	51		51		51		51		51		51		51
Units: Individuals	21,260		21,052		21,052		26,182		25,919		25,919		25,919

***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; +p < 0.1
N_men = 21,260; N_women = 26,182
^aAll analyses controlled for age, work status, marital status, and household type at individual level
Model 3a controlled for cross-level interaction effects: change in real GDP growth rate* education level (Not shown); Model 3b controlled for cross-level interaction effect: change in low work intensity indicator* education level (Not shown for men). See complete models in Additional file 2
^bVariance Partition Coefficient at region level (σ² region)/ (σ² region + σ² period + 3.29)
^cVariance Partition Coefficient at period level (σ² period)/ (σ² region + σ² period + 3.29)

ISSN: 1475-9276