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Table 4 Depression regressed on education, period, economic context, and change variables, for women and men (y-standardized Odds Ratios)

From: Social inequality in morbidity, framed within the current economic crisis in Spain

 

Men

Women

 

Model 0

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3b

Model 0

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3a

Model 3b

 

OR

 

OR

 

OR

 

OR

 

OR

 

OR

 

OR

 

OR

 

OR

 

Intercept

0.18

***

0.07

***

0.08

***

0.07

***

0.31

***

0.10

***

0.11

***

0.10

***

0.10

***

 (1) Individual variablesa

                  

  Education Level (ref. University Studies)

                  

   Illiterate, no diploma, or primary education

  

1.36

***

1.35

***

1.34

***

  

1.62

***

1.64

***

1.61

***

1.65

***

   Lower Secondary

  

1.28

**

1.27

***

1.23

**

  

1.37

***

1.38

***

1.37

***

1.40

***

   Upper Secondary

  

1.20

*

1.20

*

1.18

*

  

1.14

*

1.16

*

1.14

*

1.17

*

   Higher technical education

  

1.16

 

1.16

 

1.16

   

1.08

 

1.09

 

1.09

 

1.11

 

 (2) Period Variables

                  

  Period (ref. 2003)

                  

  2009

  

1.09

 

1.07

 

1.14

   

1.12

*

1.06

 

1.08

 

1.11

 

  2011

  

1.13

+

1.11

 

1.24

   

1.23

***

1.05

 

1.13

 

1.13

 

  Change in real GDP growth rate

    

0.99

 

1.02

     

0.96

 

1.05

 

0.99

 

  Change in low work intensity indicator

    

1.00

 

0.97

     

1.00

 

1.01

 

1.00

 

 (3) Context Variables

                  

  Mean real GDP growth rate

    

0.99

 

0.96

     

1.04

 

1.04

 

1.05

 

  Mean low work intensity indicator

    

1.04

*

1.04

*

    

1.03

 

1.04

*

1.03

+

 (1) Education level* (2) Period Variables

                  

  Illiterate, no diploma, or primary education* Change in real GDP growth rate

              

0.91

**

  

  Illiterate, no diploma, or primary education* Change in Low work intensity indicator

      

1.02

         

1.03

+

  Lower Secondary* Change in Low work intensity indicator

      

1.05

*

        

1.00

 

Variance

                  

 Region

0.086

(0.056)

0.079

(0.055)

0.055

(0.045)

0.051

(0.043)

0.121

(0.079)

0.084

(0.050)

0.090

(0.059)

0.090

(0.062)

0.084

(0.058)

 Period

0.070

(0.038)

0.039

(0.033)

0.044

(0.035)

0.044

(0.041)

0.070

(0.037)

0.046

(0.027)

0.045

(0.024)

0.049

(0.025)

0.050

(0.032)

VPC

                  

 Regionb

2.5 %

2.3 %

1.6 %

1.5 %

3.5 %

2.5 %

2.6 %

2.6 %

2.5 %

 Periodc

2.0 %

1.1 %

1.3 %

1.3 %

2.0 %

1.3 %

1.3 %

1.4 %

1.5 %

VPC at higher levels (Region + Period)

4.5 %

3.5 %

2.9 %

2.8 %

5.5 %

3.8 %

3.9 %

4.1 %

3.9 %

DIC:

6467.432

5819.895

5820.183

5819.675

13327.766

12053.531

12055.529

12051.674

12054.975

 Units: Region

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

17

 Units: Period

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

51

 Units: Individuals

19,986

19,918

19,918

19,918

21,459

21,403

21,403

21,403

21,403

  1. ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; +p < 0.1
  2. Nmen = 19,987; Nwomen = 21,461
  3. aAll analyses controlled for age, work status, marital status, and household type at individual level
  4. Model 3a controlled for cross-level interaction effects: change in real GDP growth rate * education level (Not shown); Model 3b controlled for cross-level interaction effect: change in low work intensity indicator * education level (See complete models in Additional file 2)
  5. bVariance Partition Coefficient at region level (σ2 region)/ (σ2 region + σ2 period + 3.29)
  6. cVariance Partition Coefficient at period level (σ2 period)/ (σ2 region + σ2 period + 3.29)