Table 2 Determinants of CHE based on the WHO’s Xu [1] approach

Round:

Round 4 (Ref)

Round 5

0.89^a (0.19)^b

0.88 (0.28)

0.96 (0.44)

Round 6

1.25 (0.28)

1.16 (0.38)

1.31 (0.63)

Round 7

0.88 (0.20)

0.81 (0.27)

1.02 (0.49)

Slum:

Viwandani (Ref)

Korogocho

1.01 (0.16)

1.09(0.24)

1.64 (0.52)

Dandora

0.99 (0.23)

0.64(0.23)

0.95 (0.45)

Mukuru

1.09 (0.17)

0.71(0.18)

0.71 (0.26)

Obunga

0.57 (0.11)***

0.61 (0.17)*

0.68 (0.26)

Nyalenda

0.68 (0.12)**

0.43 (0.12)***

0.36 (0.15)**

Income ¹ :

Lower tertile (Ref)

Middle tertile

0.91 (0.12)

0.72 (0.14)*

0.87 (0.24)

Top tertile

0.84(0.11)

0.85 (0.16)

1.25 (0.33)

Expenditure:

Lower tertile (Ref)

Middle tertile

0.87 (0.11)

0.86 (0.18)

0.88 (0.26)

Top tertile

1.32 (0.18)**

1.85 (0.36)***

2.66 (0.70)***

Livelihood:

Petty trade, casual (Ref)

Formal labor

0.70 (0.10)***

0.70 (0.14)*

0.44 (0.14)***

Own business

0.73 (0.11)**

0.65 (0.15)*

0.39 (0.13)***

Main bread winner is male

1.11 (0.12)

1.05 (0.17)

1.24 (0.28)

Working adult in household

0.82 (0.10)

0.54 (0.11)***

0.51 (0.14)**

Child under 5 years

1.07 (0.12)

0.89 (0.15)

0.71 (0.16)

Age of main income earner:

35 < =Age (Ref)

35 < Age < =55

1.07 (0.13)

1.08 (0.19)

1.17 (0.28)

Age > 55

1.56 (0.32)**

2.11 (0.56)***

1.87 (0.68)*

Duration of stay in slum

1.02 (0.01)***

1.02 (0.01)**

1.02 (0.01)*

Safety net

0.63 (0.08)***

0.60 (0.11)***

0.50 (0.13)***

Shocks

1.08 (0.14)

1.17 (0.23)

0.97 (0.27)

Type of illness

Other (Ref)

Diarrhea

0.93 (0.19)

0.76 (0.25)

0.69 (0.35)

Fever

1.05 (0.16)

1.15 (0.26)

0.60 (0.20)

Cough

0.73 (0.11)**

0.45 (0.12)***

0.67 (0.23)

Headache

0.82 (0.12)

0.90 (0.20)

1.15 (0.36)

Vomiting

1.27 (0.26)

1.03 (0.34)

0.78 (0.41)

Seizure

1.80 (0.77)

1.71 (0.99)

2.23(1.52)

Difficult breathing

1.31 (0.29)

1.45 (0.46)

1.00 (0.44)

Measles

1.27 (0.55)

2.42 (1.23)*

1.88 (1.44)

Injury

2.15 (0.57)***

2.68 (0.91)***

2.05 (0.95)

Care sought for illness

No ill person/no care sought (Ref)

Ill/no care sought

1.99 (0.47)***

2.96 (0.93)***

1.24 (0.78)

Ill/care sought

1.82 (0.27)***

1.70 (0.37)**

1.96 (0.59)**

Place care was sought:

Other (Ref)

Public hospital

3.96 (0.71)***

4.24 (1.07)***

6.61 (2.14)***

Public clinic

0.66 (0.16)*

0.72 (0.27)

0.65 (0.36)

Private hospital

4.07 (0.99)***

2.87 (1.06)***

3.41 (1.61)***

Private clinic

1.73 (0.40)**

1.78 (0.61)*

1.72 (0.78)

Mission hospital

2.82 (1.33)**

3.35 (2.01)**

1.23 (1.32)

Mission clinic

0.95 (0.37)

0.76 (0.48)

1.01 (0.78)