Table 3 Multilevel logistic regressions of preventable hospitalization among diabetes patients aged 18 years or older in 2010

Individual level

Gender

  Male

1.027

0.905

1.166

1.038

0.903

1.194

  Female

1.000

1.000

Age

  <55

0.966

0.806

1.158

1.036

0.847

1.267

  55-65

0.602^‡

0.501

0.723

0.657^‡

0.536

0.805

  65-75

0.721^‡

0.609

0.854

0.754^†

0.624

0.911

  ≥75

1.000

1.000

Income

  Dependents

2.657^‡

2.021

3.493

2.475^‡

1.854

3.303

  Low

2.892^‡

2.186

3.827

2.443^‡

1.812

3.295

  Middle

2.092^‡

1.598

2.738

2.079^‡

1.568

2.758

  High

1.000

1.000

Time of diabetes diagnosis

  New patients in 2010

0.759^†

0.637

0.905

0.887

0.732

1.076

  Previous patients

1.000

1.000

Comorbidities

  0

0.647^‡

0.547

0.765

0.704^‡

0.585

0.846

  1

0.574^‡

0.497

0.664

0.588^‡

0.501

0.690

  ≥2

1.000

1.000

Participated in the P4P program

  Yes

0.704^‡

0.589

0.841

0.640^‡

0.528

0.776

  No

1.000

1.000

HCP Ownership

  Public

1.005

0.861

1.172

  Private

1.000

HCP Level

  Medical center

3.514^‡

2.709

4.558

  Regional hospital

4.917^‡

3.867

6.254

  Local hospital

3.818^‡

2.929

4.977

  Clinic

1.000

Regional level

Ratio of individuals with a higher education

  Highest

1.000

1.000

  High

1.541^‡

1.257

1.889

1.463^†

1.163

1.84

  Median

1.328^†

1.097

1.608

1.380^†

1.116

1.706

Low

1.330^†

1.099

1.610

1.316*

1.065

1.626

Level of urbanization

  Urban

0.837

0.686

1.022

0.826

0.665

1.026

  Rural

1.000

1.000

−2 Log likelihood (random effects)