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Table 5 General practitioner consultations regressed on employment status, age, mental health, and economic context and change variables

From: Employment status and mental health care use in times of economic contraction: a repeated cross-sectional study in Europe, using a three-level model

 

Men

Women

 

Model 1

Model 2 a

Model 3 a

Model 4 a

Model 5 a

Model 1

Model 2 a

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5 a

 

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

OR

sig.

Intercept

0.304

***

0.313

***

0.349

***

0.251

***

0.256

***

0.380

***

0.389

***

0.390

***

0.374

***

0.369

***

(1) Individual variables

                    

Ageb

1.009

***

1.009

***

1.009

***

1.008

***

1.001

 

1.007

***

1.007

***

1.007

***

1.005

***

1.010

***

Employment status (ref. unemployed)

                    

Employed

0.827

***

0.806

***

0.802

***

0.975

 

0.976

 

0.786

***

0.784

***

0.790

***

0.873

***

0.865

***

Non-employed

1.050

 

1.026

 

1.016

 

1.143

*

1.142

*

0.888

**

0.889

***

0.893

**

0.938

 

0.933

 

Mental healthb

      

0.582

***

0.582

***

      

0.611

***

0.611

***

Employed × ageb

        

1.008

*

        

0.995

 

(2) Period variables

                    

Change in real GDP growth ratec

0.994

 

0.994

 

0.997

 

1.004

 

1.006

 

0.986

*

0.985

**

1.002

 

1.001

 

1.005

 

Change in unemploymentc

1.031

*

1.031

*

1.024

*

1.021

*

1.021

*

1.031

 

1.027

 

1.010

 

1.010

 

1.014

 

Period (ref. 2005/2006)

                    

2002

    

0.708

*

0.668

***

0.671

***

    

0.728

***

0.466

***

0.474

***

2010

    

1.022

 

1.058

 

1.078

     

1.118

*

1.082

 

1.122

 

(3) Context variables

                    

Mean real GDP growth rateb

0.978

 

0.981

 

0.983

 

0.991

 

0.990

 

0.990

 

0.977

 

0.987

 

0.993

 

0.992

 

Mean unemployment rateb

1.007

 

0.979

 

0.970

 

0.973

 

0.964

 

0.983

 

0.987

 

0.982

 

0.980

 

0.980

 

Employed × mean unemployment rate

  

1.031

*

1.032

*

1.029

*

1.028

*

  

1.023

 

-

 

-

 

-

 

Variance

                    

(3) Country

0.072

 

0.087

 

0.154

 

0.175

 

0.197

 

0.066

 

0.063

 

0.121

 

0.176

 

0.167

 

(2) Period

0.224

 

0.212

 

0.085

 

0.089

 

0.082

 

0.196

 

0.203

 

0.075

 

0.079

 

0.081

 

VPCd

0.141

 

0.142

 

0.117

 

0.127

 

0.134

 

0.126

 

0.128

 

0.098

 

0.123

 

0.121

 

DiC

11424972

11424728

11420274

10605999

10605990

18183328

18176035

18179319

16974150

16973980

  1. *p < .050 **p < .010 ***p < .001; N individual women = 28014 & men = 22978; N period (xcountry) = 69; N country = 27.
  2. Odds ratio’s (OR) are y-standardized; Models controlled for education, marital status and degree of urbanization.
  3. aControlled for the interaction effects with the non-employed (model 2–5 men; model 2 women: non-employed × mean unemployment rate; model 5 men & women: non-employed × age).
  4. bVariable is grand-mean centered (abstraction of mean of all respondents).
  5. cVariable is group-mean centered (abstraction of mean of the group).
  6. dVariance at both higher levels: 3 and 2 (country + period) = (σ2 country + σ2 period)/(σ2 country + σ2 period + 3,29).
  7. Source: Eurobarometer 58.2 (2002), 64.4 (2005/2006), and 73.2 (2010).