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Table 4 Mental health regressed on employment status, age, and economic context and change variables

From: Employment status and mental health care use in times of economic contraction: a repeated cross-sectional study in Europe, using a three-level model

 

Men

Women

 

Model 1

Model 2 a

Model 3

Model 4

Model 1

Model 2 a

Model 3 a

Model 4 a

 

b

sig.

b

sig.

b

sig.

b

sig.

b

sig.

b

sig.

b

sig.

b

sig.

Intercept

3.629

***

3.620

***

3.632

***

3.693

***

3.371

***

3.364

***

3.391

***

3.601

***

(1) Individual variables

Ageb

−0.002

*

−0.007

***

−0.002

*

−0.002

*

−0.004

***

−0.010

***

−0.004

***

−0.004

***

Employment status (ref. unemployed)

Employed

0.272

***

0.281

***

0.268

***

0.269

***

0.157

***

0.184

***

0.159

***

0.159

***

Non-employed

0.177

***

0.175

***

0.174

***

0.175

***

0.093

***

0.117

***

0.095

***

0.095

***

Employed × ageb

  

0.004

***

      

0.007

***

    

(2) Period variables

Change in real GDP growth ratec

    

0.009

*

0.001

     

−0.006

 

0.003

 

Change in unemploymentc

    

0.007

 

0.002

     

0.003

 

0.004

 

Period (ref. 2005/2006)

2002

      

−0.081

**

      

−0.085

***

2010

      

−0.105

*

      

−0.068

*

(3) Context variables

Mean real GDP growth rateb

    

0.009

 

0.013

     

−0.017

 

0.014

 

Mean unemployment rateb

    

−0.016

*

−0.016

*

    

−0.006

 

−0.014

 

Employed × mean unemployment rateb

    

-

 

-

     

−0.007

*

−0.006

*

Variance

(3) Country

0.018

*

0.019

**

0.017

**

0.018

**

0.005

*

0.004

 

0.006

 

0.015

 

(2) Period

0.010

**

0.009

**

0.006

**

0.005

*

0.146

***

0.147

***

0.143

***

0.009

 

(1) Individual

0.458

***

0.457

***

0.458

***

0.458

***

0.542

***

0.542

***

0.542

***

0.542

 

ρd

0.058

 

0.058

 

0.048

 

0.048

 

0.218

 

0.218

 

0.216

 

0.042

 

DiC

47299777

47284117

47297345

47296805

63057254

63037902

63060348

63056399

  1. *p < .050 **p < .010 ***p < .001; N individual women = 28014 & men = 22978; N period (xcountry) = 69; N country = 27.
  2. Models controlled for education and marital status.
  3. aControlled for interaction effects with the non-employed (model 2 men & women: non-employed × age; model 3–4 women: non-employed × mean unemployment rate).
  4. bVariable is grand-mean centered (abstraction of mean of all respondents).
  5. cVariable is group-mean centered (abstraction of mean of the group).
  6. dVariance at both higher levels: 3 and 2 (country + period) = (σ2 country + σ2 period)/(σ2 country + σ2 period + σ2 individual).
  7. Source: Eurobarometer 58.2 (2002), 64.4 (2005/2006), and 73.2 (2010).