Social inequalities in patient-reported outcomes among older multimorbid patients – results of the MultiCare cohort study

Table 4 Association between socioeconomic status (SES) and patient-reported outcomes (self-rated health, functional status and health related quality of life) at baseline: multilevel mixed-effects linear regression

	Model 1			Model 2				Model 3
	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p	Change ¹	β	95% CI	p	Change ¹
Self-rated health
Income²	*4.34*	*2.73* - *5.95*	*<0.001*	*3.24*	*1.68* - *4.80*	*<0.001*	−25.3%*	*3.14*	*1.63-4.66*	*<0.001*	− 27.6%*
Education³	*1.19*	*0.42* - *1.95*	*0.002*	*0.99*	*0.25* - *1.72*	*0.009*	−16.8%*	*0.75*	*0.03-1.47*	*0.040*	− 37.0%*
Occupation⁴	*0.82*	*0.12* - *1.52*	*0.021*	0.58	−0.08-1.25	0.089	−29.3%*	0.49	−0.16-1.15	0.142	−40.2%*
Functional status
Income²	*1.86*	*0.76* - *2.95*	*0.001*	*1.41*	*0.34* - *2.48*	*0.010*	−24.2%*	*1.29*	*0.24-2.33*	*0.016*	−30.6%*
Education³	0.04	−0.47-0.56	0.863	−0.07	−0.58-0.43	0.781		−0.13	−0.63-0.37	0.610
Occupation⁴	*0.83*	*0.35* - *1.30*	*0.001*	*0.67*	*0.21-1.13*	*0.004*	−*19.3* %*	*0.59*	*0.14-1.04*	*0.010*	−28.9%*
Health related quality of life
Income²	*3.83*	*2.16* - *5.50*	*<0.001*	*2.62*	*1.02* - *4.22*	*0.001*	−31.6%*	*2.16*	*0.62-3.69*	*0.006*	−43.6%*
Education³	*0.83*	*0.03* - *1.62*	*0.041*	0.67	−0.09-0.72	0.084	−19.3%*	0.48	−0.25-1.22	0.198	−42.2%*
Occupation⁴	0.44	−0.29-1.16	0.237	0.20	−0.48-0.89	0.560		0.10	−0.56-0.76	0.772

Model 1: controlled for age, gender and all other SES indicators; Model 2: Model 1 + diseases; Model 3: Model 1 + disease severity scores.
*Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in model fit (Likelihood-ratio test) compared to Model 1.
¹Percentage change in coefficient (Model 1 compared separately at a time with Model 2 and Model 3), percentage change is displayed when coefficient is statistically significant in Model 1 (p ≤ 0.05); ²β refers to one step on the logarithmic scale of the variable ranging from 4.2 to 9.1; ³β refers to two steps on the scale of variable ranging from 1 to 9; ⁴β refers to one step on the scale of variable ranging from 1 to 5.
95% CI: 95% confidence interval; significant associations (p ≤ 0.05) are italicized and bold.

ISSN: 1475-9276