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Table 3 Modeling variation in the Health Utilities Index

From: A three-stage approach to measuring health inequalities and inequities

 

Coefficient

95% CI

P-value

Age (years, reference: 18-44)

   

0.000

 45-64

-0.023

-0.038

-0.009

0.002

 65+

-0.054

-0.077

-0.032

0.000

Male

0.011

-0.002

0.024

0.090

Marital status (reference: single)

   

0.000

 Married or common law partner

0.017

0.000

0.034

0.045

 Separated, divorced, or widowed

-0.025

-0.050

0.000

0.055

Race/ethnicity (reference: White)

    

 Other

0.007

-0.014

0.028

0.501

Foreign born

0.008

-0.012

0.028

0.427

Smoking (reference: never smoked)

   

0.000

 Former smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years

-0.085

-0.150

-0.020

0.010

 Former smoker and started smoking before 18 years

-0.101

-0.164

-0.038

0.002

 Current smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years

-0.082

-0.131

-0.033

0.001

 Current smoker and started smoking before 18 years

-0.104

-0.157

-0.051

0.000

BMI (reference: normal weight)

   

0.053

 Underweight

-0.004

-0.046

0.038

0.852

 Overweight

-0.012

-0.025

0.001

0.080

 Obese

-0.026

-0.046

-0.006

0.010

Frequency of physical activity (reference: regular)

   

0.000

 Occasional

-0.012

-0.028

0.003

0.123

 Infrequent

-0.084

-0.109

-0.060

0.000

Household income (reference: lowest income quintile)

   

0.363

 Lower middle income quintile

-0.026

-0.057

0.006

0.108

 Middle income quintile

-0.004

-0.033

0.025

0.765

 Higher middle income quintile

0.001

-0.027

0.029

0.945

 Highest middle income quintile

0.000

-0.027

0.026

0.977

 Income missing

0.014

-0.017

0.044

0.375

Education (reference: less than high school)

   

0.023

 High school graduate

0.022

0.000

0.043

0.048

 Non-university/college certificate

0.021

-0.003

0.045

0.084

 University/college certificate

0.033

0.011

0.056

0.003

Has regular medical doctor

-0.029

-0.044

-0.015

0.000

Presence of self-reported unmet need

-0.120

-0.149

-0.090

0.000

Treatment for high blood pressure in the last 12 months (reference: no treatment)

   

0.002

 Received treatment

0.060

-0.008

0.128

0.082

 No high blood pressure

0.090

0.026

0.154

0.006

Medication for asthma in the last 12 months (reference: no medication)

   

0.003

 Received medication

0.027

-0.021

0.074

0.268

 No asthma

0.056

0.018

0.094

0.004

Has pharmaceutical insurance

-0.012

-0.028

0.004

0.135

Smoking x household income (reference: never smoked x lowest income quintile)

   

0.003

 Former smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years

    

 x Lower middle income quintile

0.081

0.004

0.159

0.039

 x Middle income quintile

0.081

0.007

0.155

0.031

 x Higher middle income quintile

0.074

0.001

0.147

0.046

 x Highest middle income quintile

0.089

0.019

0.158

0.012

 x Income missing

0.048

-0.046

0.142

0.319

 Former smoker and started smoking before 18 years

    

 x Lower middle income quintile

0.074

-0.001

0.149

0.054

 x Middle income quintile

0.086

0.012

0.161

0.023

 x Higher middle income quintile

0.124

0.056

0.193

0.000

 x Highest middle income quintile

0.112

0.044

0.180

0.001

 x Income missing

0.074

-0.007

0.155

0.075

 Current smoker and started smoking at or after 18 years

    

 x Lower middle income quintile

0.082

0.015

0.149

0.017

 x Middle income quintile

0.065

-0.006

0.135

0.071

 x Higher middle income quintile

0.079

0.021

0.138

0.008

 x Highest middle income quintile

0.065

-0.001

0.130

0.053

 x Income missing

0.019

-0.057

0.096

0.624

 Current smoker and started smoking before 18 years

    

 x Lower middle income quintile

0.108

0.036

0.179

0.003

 x Middle income quintile

0.063

-0.019

0.146

0.133

 x Higher middle income quintile

0.139

0.074

0.205

0.000

 x Highest middle income quintile

0.085

0.013

0.156

0.020

 x Income missing

0.043

-0.054

0.139

0.385

Constant

0.808

0.724

0.892

0.000

Adjusted R-squared

0.199

   
  1. Data source: Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health (JCUSH).
  2. CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index.
  3. P-value for each variable category is from t-test; p-values that appear for the reference is from F-test for all category of each variable.
  4. Analysis is weighted. Standard errors are adjusted for the complex survey design.