Gender-specific epidemiology of diabetes: a representative cross-sectional study

Grant, Janet F; Hicks, Neville; Taylor, Anne W; Chittleborough, Catherine R; Phillips, Patrick J

doi:10.1186/1475-9276-8-6

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 3 Bivariate Odds Ratios for variables tested for association with diabetes among women

From: Gender-specific epidemiology of diabetes: a representative cross-sectional study

Variable	n	%	OR	(95% CI OR)	p value
DEMOGRAPHIC
Age group
18 to 39 years	11/861	1.3	1.00
40 to 59 years	34/677	5.1	3.99	(1.9 – 8.3)	0.001
60 years and over	75/529	14.2	11.10	(5.66 – 22.31)	<0.001
Area of residence
Western suburbs	53/952	5.6	1.00
Northern suburbs	67/1115	6.0	1.08	(0.73 – 1.59)	0.76
Highest education level obtained
Secondary	80/1043	7.6	1.00
Trade/Apprentice/Certificate/Diploma	29/675	4.3	0.56	(0.35 – 0.88)	0.01
Bachelor degree or higher	5/239	2.0	0.27	(0.10 – 0.71)	0.005
Gross annual household income
Up to $20,000	66/536	12.4	1.00
$20,001–40,000	22/482	4.6	0.37	(0.22 – 0.62)	<0.001
$40,001–60,000	8/409	2.0	0.16	(0.07 – 0.35)	<0.001
More than $60,000	10/493	1.9	0.16	(0.08 – 0.34)	<0.001
Not stated	15/152	9.6	0.80	(0.43 – 1.49)	0.55
Country of birth
Australia	67/1477	4.5	1.00
UK or Ireland	36/334	10.6	2.38	(1.52 – 3.69)	<0.001
South-Eastern/Eastern Europe	13/153	8.5	1.87	(0.96 – 3.59)	0.07
Asia, Other	2/88	2.8	-	-	-
Marital status
Married or living with partner	73/1277	5.7	1.00
Separated or divorced	14/178	7.9	1.38	(0.73 – 2.57)	0.37
Widowed	27/182	15.1	2.60	(1.58 – 4.24)	<0.001
Never married	6/410	1.5	0.26	(0.10 – 0.62)	<0.001
Work status
Full time employed	9/472	2.0	1.00
Part time or casual employed	11/521	2.0	1.11	(0.42 – 2.93)	0.998
Home duties or retired	92/831	11.1	5.81	(2.81 – 12.43)	<0.001
Unemployed	3/68	4.2	-	-	-
Student/Other	3/145	2.1	-	-	-
SELF REPORTED RISK FACTORS
Smoking status
Non smoker	61/1070	5.7	1.00
Ex-smoker	39/543	7.2	1.26	(0.81 – 1.94)	0.32
Current smoker	18/443	4.1	0.71	(0.40 – 1.25)	0.27
Alcohol risk
Non drinker, no risk	60/552	10.9	1.00
Low risk	53/1398	3.8	0.35	(0.23 – 0.52)	<0.001
Intermediate to very high risk	3/99	3.3	-	-	-
Family history of diabetes
No	58/1313	4.4	1.00
Yes	62/754	6.6	1.86	(1.27 – 2.74)	0.001
Family history of heart disease
No	46/933	4.9	1.00
Yes	75/1134	8.3	1.34	(0.91 – 1.99)	0.15
Family history of stroke
No	63/1277	4.9	1.00
Yes	58/790	7.3	1.49	(1.01 – 2.18)	0.04
Physical activity – *sufficient time*
(at least 150 minutes of walking, moderate or vigorous physical activity per week)
No/Insufficient physical activity	71/10070	6.6	1.00
Sufficient physical activity	51/991	5.1	0.76	(0.53 – 1.11)	0.15
MEASURED RISK FACTORS
Body Mass Index
Acceptable	13/803	1.7	1.00
Overweight	31/618	5.1	3.10	(1.55 – 6.30)	<0.001
Obese	73/616	11.8	7.32	(3.90 – 13.99)	<0.001
Waist:hip ratio (>1.0 men, >0.85 women)
No	45/1553	2.9	1.00
Yes	76/513	14.8	5.11	(3.43 – 7.63)	<0.001
High blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mmHg)
No	50/1568	3.2	1.00
Yes	70/499	14.1	4.40	(2.97 – 6.52)	<0.001
High total cholesterol (≥ 5.5 mmol/L)
No	73/1277	5.7	1.00
Yes	46/759	6.1	1.06	(0.71 – 1.58)	0.84
CO-MORBIDITIES
Cardiovascular disease (ever been told by a doctor)
No	86/1951	4.4	1.00
Yes	35/113	30.6	7.03	(4.44 – 11.1)	<0.001
Mental health disorder (ever been told by a doctor)
No	82/1695	4.8	1.00
Yes	38/357	10.7	2.20	(1.44 – 3.01)	<0.001
COPD (ever been told by a doctor)
No	90/2465	6.1	1.00
Yes	31/602	5.1	0.84	(0.54 – 1.30)	0.47
Asthma (ever been told by a doctor)
No	98/1781	5.5	1.00
Yes	23/286	8.0	1.46	(0.89 – 2.39)	0.15

OR Odds Ratio; CI Confidence Intervals

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ISSN: 1475-9276

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