Gender-specific epidemiology of diabetes: a representative cross-sectional study

Grant, Janet F; Hicks, Neville; Taylor, Anne W; Chittleborough, Catherine R; Phillips, Patrick J

doi:10.1186/1475-9276-8-6

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 2 Bivariate Odds Ratios for variables tested for association with diabetes among men

From: Gender-specific epidemiology of diabetes: a representative cross-sectional study

Variable	n	%	OR	(95% CI OR)	p value
DEMOGRAPHIC
Age group
18 to 39 years	12/898	1.3	1.00
40 to 59 years	51/662	7.7	5.77	(2.95 – 11.50)	<0.001
60 years and over	80/428	18.8	13.99	(7.32 – 27.32)	<0.001
Area of residence
Western suburbs	65/900	7.3	1.00
Northern suburbs	77/1088	7.1	0.98	(0.69 – 1.40)	0.98
Highest education level obtained
Secondary	48/709	6.8	1.00
Trade/Apprentice/Certificate/Diploma	78/966	8.1	1.19	(0.81 – 1.76)	0.40
Bachelor degree or higher	8/235	3.6	0.50	(0.22 – 1.12)	0.10
Gross annual household income
Up to $20,000	51/366	14.0	1.00
$20,001–40,000	49/526	9.4	0.67	(0.43 – 1.03)	0.07
$40,001–60,000	19/490	3.9	0.28	(0.16 – 0.49)	<0.001
More than $60,000	11/499	2.3	0.16	(0.08 – 0.32)	<0.001
Not stated	11/106	10.6	0.74	(0.35 – 1.54)	0.49
Country of birth
Australia	81/1389	5.8	1.00
UK or Ireland	31/312	10.1	1.70	(1.08 – 2.68)	0.02
South-Eastern/Eastern Europe	25/179	13.8	2.39	(1.45 – 3.94)	<0.001
Asia, Other	5/104	5.0	0.82	(0.29 – 2.17)	0.85
Marital status
Married or living with partner	112/1249	9.0	1.00
Separated or divorced	16/152	10.7	1.17	(0.65 – 2.09)	0.67
Widowed	6/50	12.5	1.34	(0.50 – 3.34)	0.68
Never married	8/529	1.4	0.17	(0.08 – 0.36)	<0.001
Work status
Full time employed	42/1065	4.0	1.00
Part time or casual employed	13/207	6.1	1.59	(0.80 – 3.13)	0.21
Unemployed	3/105	2.7	0.72	(0.18 – 2.49)	0.79
Home duties or retired	70/409	17.0	4.34	(2.86 – 6.60)	<0.001
Student/Other	13/187	6.9	1.76	(0.88 – 3.47)	0.12
SELF REPORTED RISK FACTORS
Smoking status
Non smoker	41/839	4.9	1.00
Ex-smoker	74/600	12.4	2.52	(1.67 – 3.82)	<0.001
Current smoker	27/542	5.0	1.02	(0.60 – 1.72)	0.96
Alcohol risk
Non drinker, no risk	122/1597	7.6	1.00
Low risk	11/233	4.8	0.62	(0.31 – 1.20)	0.17
Intermediate to very high risk	9/145	6.4	0.81	(0.38 – 1.69)	0.68
Family history of diabetes
No	74/1398	5.3	1.00
Yes	69/590	11.7	2.21	(1.55 – 3.15)	<0.001
Family history of heart disease
No	76/1025	7.5	1.00
Yes	66/962	6.9	0.93	(0.65 – 1.32)	0.72
Family history of stroke
No	98/1342	7.3	1.00
Yes	44/645	6.9	0.93	(0.64 – 1.37)	0.79
Physical activity – *sufficient time*
(at least 150 minutes of walking, moderate or vigorous physical activity per week)
No/Insufficient physical activity	78/848	9.0	1.00
Sufficient physical activity	66/1136	5.8	0.61	(0.43 – 0.85)	0.004
MEASURED RISK FACTORS
Body Mass Index
Acceptable	16/589	2.8	1.00
Overweight	55/868	6.3	2.33	(1.29 – 4.28)	0.004
Obese	72/515	13.9	5.15	(2.88 – 9.33)	<0.001
Underweight	0/15	-	-	-	-
Waist:hip ratio (>1.0 men, >0.85 women)
No	110/1834	6.0	1.00
Yes	32/153	20.9	3.49	(2.22 – 5.45)	<0.001
High blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mmHg)
No	64/1401	4.6	1.00
Yes	78/586	13.3	2.91	(2.04 – 4.17)	<0.001
High total cholesterol (≥ 5.5 mmol/L)
No	104/1274	8.2	1.00
Yes	37/682	5.4	0.66	(0.44 – 0.99)	0.05
CO-MORBIDITIES
Cardiovascular disease (ever been told by a doctor)
No	111/1849	6.0	1.0
Yes	32/137	23.1	3.89	(2.47 – 6.10)	<0.001
Mental health disorder (ever been told by a doctor)
No	127/1792	7.1	1.00
Yes	15/185	7.9	1.14	(0.63 – 2.05)	0.74
COPD (ever been told by a doctor)
No	106/1338	7.9	1.00
Yes	37/648	5.6	0.72	(0.48 – 1.08)	0.11
Asthma (ever been told by a doctor)
No	124/1773	7.0	1.00
Yes	18/213	8.5	1.21	(0.70 – 2.07)	0.56

OR Odds Ratio; CI Confidence Intervals

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ISSN: 1475-9276

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