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Table 3 Results of logistic regressions to estimate propensity score

From: Health financing for the poor produces promising short-term effects on utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure: evidence from Vietnam

Explanatory variables

Eligible with card vs. eligible without a card)

 

Cross-section 2002

Panel 2004

Female

-0.003

-0.023

 

(-0.14)

(-0.68)

Age spline1 (0–6)

0.079

0.023

 

(2.58)**

(0.55)

Age spline (6–12)

0.040

0.040

 

(2.47)*

(1.51)

Age spline (12–45)

0.002

0.013

 

(0.48)

(2.12)*

Age spline (45+)

0.004

0.001

 

(1.10)

(0.07)

Married

-0.155

-0.381

 

(-1.81)

(-2.57)*

Registered in commune of residence

0.888

..

 

(2.19)*

 

Attended school during past 12 months (2004)

-0.215

-0.162

 

(-2.64)**

(-1.26)

Ill during past 12 months (2004)

0.255

0.341

 

(2.96)**

(2.56)*

Male head of household

0.021

0.458

 

(0.11)

(1.47)

Head is ethnic minority in mountainous province

0.345

-0.029

 

(1.38)

(-0.09)

Household classified as poor

1.554

0.355

 

(9.86)**

(1.63)

Household has poor household certificate from commune

 

0.839

  

(2.79)**

Head's occupation: skilled worker

-0.025

-0.129

 

(-0.08)

(-0.26)

Head's occupation: unskilled worker

0.182

0.416

 

(0.78)

(1.12)

Head's occupation: not working

0.331

0.223

 

(1.20)

(0.48)

Individual employed in formal sector

-0.647

-0.651

 

(-3.83)**

(-2.14)*

Head is ethnic Kinh or Chinese

-0.536

-0.328

 

(-2.57)*

(-1.13)

Head completed primary schooling

-0.058

0.101

 

(-0.45)

(0.52)

Head completed lower secondary schooling

0.037

0.076

 

(0.22)

(0.33)

Head completed upper secondary schooling or above

0.212

0.705

 

(0.90)

(1.97)*

Head's spouse in household

-0.046

-0.349

 

(-0.23)

(-1.05)

Household size

0.075

0.010

 

(2.86)**

(0.20)

Proportion of children <16 years in household

0.162

0.988

 

(0.60)

(2.29)*

Proportion of adults >65 years in household

-0.089

0.548

 

(-0.29)

(1.11)

Proportion of males in household

0.237

-0.100

 

(0.86)

(-0.22)

Month of interview (2004)

0.087

0.065

 

(2.13)*

(1.04)

Month of interview if reimbursement method changed between 2003 and 2004

-0.079

-0.094

 

(-3.05)**

(-2.43)*

Urban location

-0.042

-0.001

 

(-0.21)

(0.00)

135 commune

-0.079

-0.704

 

(-0.45)

(-2.34)*

Commune 20+ kilometers from district capital

0.389

0.431

 

(2.33)*

(1.64)

Remote commune

..

0.218

  

(0.79)

Commune has pharmacy

..

-0.296

  

(-1.28)

Northeast region

-0.150

-0.415

 

(-0.48)

(-0.87)

Northwest region

0.360

-0.244

 

(1.05)

(-0.46)

North Central region

-0.050

-0.414

 

(-0.17)

(-0.87)

South Central region

0.378

0.435

 

(0.92)

(0.75)

Central Highlands region

0.222

0.194

 

(0.68)

(0.37)

Southeast region

-0.054

-0.231

 

(-0.17)

(-0.42)

Mekong Delta region

-0.478

-0.527

 

(-1.75)

(-1.12)

Real per capita monthly expenditures 2002

..

-0.001

  

(-0.72)

Constant

-3.549

-1.258

 

(-5.19)**

(-1.02)

  1. Robust z statistics in parentheses
  2. * significant at 5%; ** significant at 1%
  3. Note: Statistically significant results (95% confidence level) are in boldface.
  4. 1Linear splines allow estimation of relationships between dependent and independent variables as a function composed of linear segments. Rather than restricting the coefficient to one value for the whole range of ages, it allows different coefficients for different ranges of ages. In our case, the spline is made up of 4 segments, the first from 0 to 6 years, the second from 7 to 12 years, the third from 13 to 45 years and the fourth from 45 years and higher. Within each variable, the years below the lowest level are set to 0, the years within the age range are set to the difference between the actual age and the highest age of the previous age range, and the ages above the upper age are set to the value for the highest age in the range.