Explanatory variables | Eligible with card vs. eligible without a card) | |
---|---|---|
Cross-section 2002 | Panel 2004 | |
Female | -0.003 | -0.023 |
(-0.14) | (-0.68) | |
Age spline1 (0–6) | 0.079 | 0.023 |
(2.58)** | (0.55) | |
Age spline (6–12) | 0.040 | 0.040 |
(2.47)* | (1.51) | |
Age spline (12–45) | 0.002 | 0.013 |
(0.48) | (2.12)* | |
Age spline (45+) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
(1.10) | (0.07) | |
Married | -0.155 | -0.381 |
(-1.81) | (-2.57)* | |
Registered in commune of residence | 0.888 | .. |
(2.19)* | ||
Attended school during past 12 months (2004) | -0.215 | -0.162 |
(-2.64)** | (-1.26) | |
Ill during past 12 months (2004) | 0.255 | 0.341 |
(2.96)** | (2.56)* | |
Male head of household | 0.021 | 0.458 |
(0.11) | (1.47) | |
Head is ethnic minority in mountainous province | 0.345 | -0.029 |
(1.38) | (-0.09) | |
Household classified as poor | 1.554 | 0.355 |
(9.86)** | (1.63) | |
Household has poor household certificate from commune | 0.839 | |
(2.79)** | ||
Head's occupation: skilled worker | -0.025 | -0.129 |
(-0.08) | (-0.26) | |
Head's occupation: unskilled worker | 0.182 | 0.416 |
(0.78) | (1.12) | |
Head's occupation: not working | 0.331 | 0.223 |
(1.20) | (0.48) | |
Individual employed in formal sector | -0.647 | -0.651 |
(-3.83)** | (-2.14)* | |
Head is ethnic Kinh or Chinese | -0.536 | -0.328 |
(-2.57)* | (-1.13) | |
Head completed primary schooling | -0.058 | 0.101 |
(-0.45) | (0.52) | |
Head completed lower secondary schooling | 0.037 | 0.076 |
(0.22) | (0.33) | |
Head completed upper secondary schooling or above | 0.212 | 0.705 |
(0.90) | (1.97)* | |
Head's spouse in household | -0.046 | -0.349 |
(-0.23) | (-1.05) | |
Household size | 0.075 | 0.010 |
(2.86)** | (0.20) | |
Proportion of children <16 years in household | 0.162 | 0.988 |
(0.60) | (2.29)* | |
Proportion of adults >65 years in household | -0.089 | 0.548 |
(-0.29) | (1.11) | |
Proportion of males in household | 0.237 | -0.100 |
(0.86) | (-0.22) | |
Month of interview (2004) | 0.087 | 0.065 |
(2.13)* | (1.04) | |
Month of interview if reimbursement method changed between 2003 and 2004 | -0.079 | -0.094 |
(-3.05)** | (-2.43)* | |
Urban location | -0.042 | -0.001 |
(-0.21) | (0.00) | |
135 commune | -0.079 | -0.704 |
(-0.45) | (-2.34)* | |
Commune 20+ kilometers from district capital | 0.389 | 0.431 |
(2.33)* | (1.64) | |
Remote commune | .. | 0.218 |
(0.79) | ||
Commune has pharmacy | .. | -0.296 |
(-1.28) | ||
Northeast region | -0.150 | -0.415 |
(-0.48) | (-0.87) | |
Northwest region | 0.360 | -0.244 |
(1.05) | (-0.46) | |
North Central region | -0.050 | -0.414 |
(-0.17) | (-0.87) | |
South Central region | 0.378 | 0.435 |
(0.92) | (0.75) | |
Central Highlands region | 0.222 | 0.194 |
(0.68) | (0.37) | |
Southeast region | -0.054 | -0.231 |
(-0.17) | (-0.42) | |
Mekong Delta region | -0.478 | -0.527 |
(-1.75) | (-1.12) | |
Real per capita monthly expenditures 2002 | .. | -0.001 |
(-0.72) | ||
Constant | -3.549 | -1.258 |
(-5.19)** | (-1.02) |