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Table 2 Cumulative Proportion of Health Payments by Consumption Deciles and Kakwani's indices, Malaysia 1998/99

From: Equity in health care financing: The case of Malaysia

Indices

Consumption

Direct taxes

Indirect taxes

Contributions to EPF and SOCSO

Private insurance premiums

Out-of- pocket payments

Gini/Concentration index

0.4051*

0.8003*

0.3273*

0.4862*

0.6985*

0.5094*

Robust standard error

-

0.0072

0.0642

0.0094

001735

0.0363

95% Confidence intervals

-

0.6745–0.9261

0.3089–0.3457

0.4435–0.5289

0.3585–1.0385

0.4383–0.5805

Kakwani indices

-

0.3952*

-0.0779*

0.0811*

0.2934

0.1043*

Robust standard error

-

0.0620

0.0088

0.0204

0.1726

0.0358

95% Confidence intervals

 

0.2737–0.5167

-0.0607-

(-0.0951)

0.0412–0.1210

0.2917–0.2951

0.1018–0.1068

  1. Note: * significantly different from zero at 5%.