Table 3 Oslo Health Study 2000–2001, 40- and 45- year olds living in areas east and west Odds ratio for much pain/stiffness in muscles and/or joints, related to demographic variables, lifestyle and mental distress. Logistic regression analyses.

Female sex

1.45 (1.15 – 1.83)

1.85 (1.40 – 2.45)

Single status

1.02 (0.82 – 1.29)

Area east

1.88 (1.49 – 2.38)

1.22 (0.92 – 1.62)

Low education

2.11 (1.43 – 3.16)

1.09 (0.67 – 1.78)

Low income

1.34 (1.01 – 1.79)

Low household income

1.1 (0.72 – 1.68)

Non-western country of origin

4.41 (3.25 – 5.99)

3.17 (2.17 – 4.63)

Daily smoking

0.81 (0.64 – 1.04)

No hard exercise

2.00 (1.55 – 2.59)

1.37 (1.01 – 1.85)

Mental health problems

3.87 (2.92 – 5.14)

2.70 (1.94 – 3.76)