Inequalities in health care among patients with type 2 diabetes by individual socio-economic status (SES) and regional deprivation: a systematic literature review

Table 1 Quality of health care for people with type 2 diabetes: process and intermediate outcome indicators ^a

	Process indicators: delivery of assessment							Intermediate outcome indicators: quantitative measurement^b
Ref.	HbA1c	Lipids	Retino- pathy	BP	BMI	Smoking	Micro-albuminuria	HbA1c	Lipids	BP (mmHg)
[19]	X	X	X	─	─	─	─	─	─	─
[20]	X	─	─	X	X	─	─	Mean	Mean¹	Mean
[21]	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	Mean	─	Mean
[22]	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	Mean	─	─
[23]	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	Mean	> 2 g/L³	─
[24]	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	≤ 7.4%	≤ 5 mmol/L¹	≤ 145/85
[25]	X	X	X	─	─	─	─	Mean	Mean²	> 140/90
[26]	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	Mean	< 100 mg%²	─
[27]	X	X	X	─	─	─	X	─	─	─
[28]	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	≤ 7.4%; ≤ 10%	≤ 5 mmol/L¹	≤ 145/85
[29]	X	X	─	X	─	X	─	≤ 7.4%	≤ 5 mmol/L¹	≤ 140/80
[30]	─	─	X	─	X	X	X	< 7.5%; < 10%	≤ 5 mmol/L¹	< 145/85
[31]	X	X	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	─
[32]	─	─	X	─	─	─	─	Mean	≥ 5⁴	≥ 140/90
[33]	X	X	─	─	X	X	─	Mean; ≤ 7.5%	─	─
[34]	─	─	─	─	─	X	─	≥ 6.5%	≥ 2.58 mmol/L²	─
[35]	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	≤ 7.4%; ≤ 10%	≤ 5 mmol/L¹	≤ 145/85
[36]	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	≤ 6.5%	≤ 5.2 mmol/L¹	≤ 140/90
[36]	─	─	─	─	─	─	─	≤ 6.5%	> 1.1–1.4 mmol/L²	≤ 140/90
[37]	X	─	X	X	─	─	X	< 7.0%	< 100 mg/dL²	< 130/80
[38]	X	X	─	X	X	─	─	≥ 9%	< 100 mg/dL²	─
[39]	X	X	X	X	X	X	─	≤ 7.0%	≤ 2.6 mmol/L²	≤ 130/80

¹Total cholesterol; ²LDL; ³TG; ⁴Total cholesterol/HDL-coefficient.
^aother process and outcome indicators are just mentioned in the text (see ‘Results’).
^bmean values or cut-off values for ‘good quality health care’.
HbA1c, glycolised haemoglobin; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.

ISSN: 1475-9276