Closing the poor-rich gap in contraceptive use in urban Kenya: are family planning programs increasingly reaching the urban poor?

Table 3 Types and sources of modern contraceptive methods used, by wealth and education ¹ : Urban Kenya - 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008/09

	1993	1998	2003	2008/09	All surveys
1. Type of methods used
Short term²	61.0	66.4	72.7	81.7	72.2
Long acting³	25.2	19.2	17.0	11.9	17.2
Permanent⁴	13.8	14.4	10.4	6.5	10.7
Use of long acting and permanent methods by Household wealth⁵
Poor	23.7	26.2	25.5	13.6	20.5
Middle	38.8	24.2	21.4	11.7	20.9
Rich	43.9	43.5	33.0	30.6	37.6
p-value⁶	0.131	0.012	0.004	0.000	0.000
Rich/poor ratio	1.8	1.7	1.3	2.3	1.8
Use of long acting and permanent methods by education
None/Primary⁷	35.8	25.6	20.1	11.8	21.4
Secondary+	41.0	38.8	31.8	22.1	31.8
p-value	0.566	0.035	0.003	0.000	0.000
Secondary+/primary ratio	1.1	1.5	1.6	1.9	1.5
2. Source of method used ⁸
Public	56.5	52.6	44.9	49.2	50.1
Private/other	43.5	47.4	55.1	50.8	49.9
Use of private/other sources by Household wealth
Poor	30.0	45.6	34.3	31.7	34.1
Middle	23.2	34.8	47.1	51.5	42.3
Rich	60.9	57.7	73.4	67.1	64.9
p-value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Rich/poor ratio	2.0	1.3	2.1	2.1	1.9
Use of private/other sources by education
None/Primary	39.9	42.4	38.0	45.8	41.9
Secondary+	45.7	50.7	65.9	53.7	54.9
p-value	0.435	0.330	0.000	0.034	0.000
Secondary+/primary ratio	1.1	1.2	1.7	1.2	1.3
N (un-weighted)	222	318	550	626	1,716

¹Weighted percentages.
²Short-term methods: pills, injections, spermicides, condoms and lactational amenorrhea.
³Long-term methods: intra-uterine device (IUD) and implants.
⁴ Permanent methods: male and female sterilization.
⁵The wealth variable is constructed at the household level (for each urban sample). Women are thus not evenly distributed in the three wealth groups.
⁶p-value based on Chi-square tests.
⁷Less than 3% of women in the sample had no education.
⁸The source of method is categorised as Public (n = 800), Private (n = 821) and Other (n = 95), with Other including NGOs.

ISSN: 1475-9276