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Table 3 Effects of multimorbidity and socioeconomic characteristics on annual total healthcare costs a

From: The influence of socio-economic status and multimorbidity patterns on healthcare costs: a six-year follow-up under a universal healthcare system

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

(β)

p-value

(β)

p-value

(β)

p-value

Age

0.029

<.001

0.010

<.001

0.010

<.001

Male

−0.871

<.001

−0.353

<.001

−0.349

<.001

Female (reference)

Occupation

 Employer

−0.096

<.001

−0.038

.006

0.768

<.001

 Physician

−0.205

.007

0.582

<.001

2.692

<.001

 Paramedical personnel

0.380

<.001

0.457

<.001

4.084

<.001

 Public servant

0.364

<.001

0.151

<.001

3.027

<.001

Employees or self-employed (reference)

 Farmer

0.412

<.001

−0.025

.001

0.105

<.001

 Fisherman

0.134

<.001

−0.104

<.001

0.042

.222

 Low income

1.985

<.001

0.844

<.001

−0.377

<.001

 Unemployed families (vs. employed)

0.876

<.001

0.302

<.001

0.304

<.001

Income

 <=USD$594

−1.191

<.001

−0.637

<.001

−0.622

<.001

 USD$594 - $ 1 210 (reference)

 USD$1 210 - $3 850

0.206

<.001

0.221

<.001

0.219

<.001

 > = USD$3 850

0.130

<.001

0.401

<.001

0.388

<.001

Multimorbidity

0 RxMG (reference)

 1 - 4 RxMGs

  

11.650

<.001

11.884

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs

  

12.685

<.001

12.917

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs

  

13.798

<.001

14.010

<.001

Interaction of occupation and multimorbidity

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Employer

    

−0.916

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Physician

    

−2.691

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Paramedical personnel

    

−4.073

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Public servant

    

−3.132

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Farmer

    

−0.190

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Fisherman

    

−0.155

<.001

 1 - 4 RxMGs * Low income

    

1.192

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Employer

    

−0.910

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Physician

    

−2.564

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Paramedical personnel

    

−4.167

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Public servant

    

−3.252

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Farmer

    

−0.143

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Fisherman

    

−0.178

<.001

 5 - 8 RxMGs * Low income

    

1.359

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Employer

    

−0.992

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Physician

    

−2.481

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Paramedical personnel

    

−4.345

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Public servant

    

−3.326

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Farmer

    

−0.075

.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Fisherman

    

−0.191

<.001

 > 8 RxMGs * Low income

    

1.461

<.001

Model fitting indices

 −2 Log Likelihood

34 000 763

 

30 136 192

 

30 103 521

 

 AIC

34 000 805

 

30 136 234

 

30 103 563

 

 BIC

34 001 052

 

30 136 481

 

30 103 810

 
  1. a.costs are log-transformed.
  2. Model 1: controlled for age and gender then estimated effect of occupation and income on log-transformed annual total healthcare costs.
  3. Model 2: included all variables appeared in model 1, plus multimorbidity (Rx-MGs classification).
  4. Model 3: included all variables appeared in model 2, plus the interaction between occupation and multimorbidity.
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International Journal for Equity in Health

ISSN: 1475-9276

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