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Table 5 Associations between cumulating mental health, behavioral, and school difficulties (CD) a) and socioeconomic factors: odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals

From: Socioeconomic inequities patterns of multi-morbidity in early adolescence

  

Gender-age adjusted odds ratios (vs. CD0)

Odds ratios adjusted for all socioeconomic factors (vs. CD0)

 

N

CD1

CD2-3

CD ≥4

CD1

CD2-3

CD ≥4

Prevalence (%)

1,559

30.8

18.4

6.7

30.8

18.4

6.7

Boys

778

1.20 0.94-1.52

1.11 0.84-1.47

1.09 0.72-1.65

1.20 0.95-1.52

1.11 0.84-1.48

1.18 0.76-1.83

Age

       

12 or under

603

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

13

373

1.67‡ 1.24-2.26

1.70† 1.16-2.48

1.67 0.90-3.10

1.70‡ 1.26-2.31

1.74† 1.18-2.55

1.70 0.90-3.22

14 or over

583

2.39‡ 1.82-3.16

3.45‡ 2.48-4.79

4.46‡ 2.70-7.36

2.40‡ 1.82-3.18

3.58‡ 2.56-5.01

4.77‡ 2.82-8.07

Nationality

       

French

1,451

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

European immigrants

54

0.55 0.26-1.17

0.88 0.40-1.93

2.82* 1.25-6.35

0.52 0.24-1.09

0.80 0.36-1.77

2.28 0.96-5.40

Non-European immigrants

54

0.94 0.48-1.87

1.02 0.46-2.22

2.41* 1.01-5.74

0.92 0.46-1.83

0.88 0.39-1.99

1.69 0.67-4.27

Family structure

       

Intact

982

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Divorced/separated parents and reconstructed family

391

1.25 0.94-1.68

2.40‡ 1.73-3.32

5.50‡ 3.37-8.96

1.22 0.90-1.64

2.31‡ 1.66-3.22

4.86‡ 2.95-8.02

Single parent and others

186

1.18 0.80-1.75

2.16‡ 1.41-3.33

4.81‡ 2.62-8.82

1.20 0.79-1.81

2.32* 1.47-3.67

3.78‡ 1.95-7.31

Low parents’ education

759

1.06 0.84-1.34

1.34* 1.01-1.77

1.76† 1.15-2.69

0.96 0.74-1.25

1.13 0.83-1.55

1.17 0.72-1.90

Father’ occupation

       

Managers, professionals, and intermediate professionals

595

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Craftsmen, tradesmen, and firm heads

314

1.21 0.88-1.67

1.07 0.71-1.60

2.18† 1.23-3.87

1.21 0.88-1.69

0.97 0.65-1.47

1.66 0.91-3.03

Service workers and clerks

144

1.14 0.74-1.76

1.47 0.90-2.39

0.49 0.14-1.66

1.12 0.72-1.73

1.27 0.76-2.10

0.32 0.09-1.14

Manual workers and other occupations

389

1.37* 1.01-1.87

1.54* 1.08-2.21

1.92* 1.09-3.37

1.35 0.97-1.88

1.21 0.82-1.80

1.09 0.58-2.06

Inactive people

117

1.04 0.64-1.70

1.00 0.56-1.80

3.19‡ 1.60-6.35

0.95 0.56-1.62

0.58 0.30-1.10

1.17 0.53-2.59

Insufficient income

276

1.35 0.98-1.87

1.79† 1.25-2.57

3.38‡ 2.12-5.40

1.29 0.92-1.80

1.54* 1.05-2.24

2.56‡ 1.55-4.23

  1. *p < 0.05, †p < 0.01, ‡p < 0.001.
  2. N: number of subjects.
  3. a) CD was defined as the number of these outcome variable alcohol use, tobacco use, cannabis use, hard drugs use, obesity, depressive symptoms, suicide attempts, involvement in violence, and low school performance (range 0 to 9).