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Table 5 Frequency and percentage of the 30 studies included in the review which showed gender differences in the prevalence of exposure to occupational hazards related to working and employment conditions and work-related health problems

From: Gender inequalities in occupational health related to the unequal distribution of working and employment conditions: a systematic review

Occupational hazards and work-related health problemsa

 

Studies which showed gender differences in the prevalence

 

nb

%c

Higher prevalence of women than men

Higher prevalence of men than women

Working conditions

   

Demand-Control-Support

12

40.0

  

  High demand and low control

  

Bildt [48]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ

Lallukka [43]Φ; O’Campo [45]Φ

  High demand

  

Gadinger [25]**; Magnusson [34]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ

Li [36]ψ Borrell [42]Φ Cortès [46]Φ Muhonen [47]*

  Low control

  

Magnusson [34]Φd Li [36]*** Borrell [42]Φ Cortès [46]Φ Muhonen [47]* Karlqvist [49]*

Gadinger [25]*

  Low support

   

Gadinger [25]*; Magnusson [34]Φd; Cortès [46]Φ; Muhonen [47]*; Bildt [48]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ

Time spent in paid work

5

16.7

  

  Long workhours

   

Artazcoz [35]***; Li [36]**; Lallukka [43]Φ; Bildt [48]Φd; Karlqvist [49]Φ

Physically demanding work

3

10.0

  

  High physically demanding work

   

Lallukka [43]Φ; Bildt [48]Φd; Ibrahim [51]Φ

Noise at work

3

10.0

  

  High noise at work

   

Borrell [42]Φ; Melamed [44]**; Karlqvist [49]Φ

Job insecurity

2

6.7

  

  High job insecurity

  

Borrell [42]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ

 

Effort-Reward imbalance

2

6.7

  

  Effort-reward imbalance

   

Li [36]*; Peter [37]*e

Employment conditions

    

Type of contract

5

16.7

  

  Permanent

   

Kim [32]Φ; Artazcoz [41]Φ

  Temporary

  

Kim [32]Φ; Borrell [42]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ; Bildt [48]Φd

 

  Temporary fixed term

  

Artazcoz [41]Φ

 

  Temporary non-fixed term

   

Artazcoz [41]Φ

  No contract

  

Artazcoz [41]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ

 

Job status

4

13.3

  

  Supervisors

   

O’Campo [45]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ

  Upper manager

   

Gadinger [25]**; Muhonen [47]*

  Middle manager

  

Ibrahim [51]Φ

 

Employment status

3

10.0

  

  Full-time

   

Kim [32]Φ; Cortès [46]*

  Part-time

  

Kim [32]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ

 

Shift work

2

6.7

  

  Shift-work

  

Bildt [48]Φd

Cortès [46]Φ

Work-related health problems

   

Physical health

   

Musculoskeletal symptoms

7

23.3

  

  Any

  

Alterman [31]*; Kim [32]Φ; Muhonen [47]ψ; Karlqvist [49]*; Emslie [54]**

 

  Low back

  

Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]*

 

  Neck

  

Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]*; de Zwart [50]**

 

  Upper extremity

    

  Shoulder

  

Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]*; de Zwart [50]**

 

  Arm-hand

  

Hooftman [28]**d; Karlqvist [49]*

 

  Wrist

  

de Zwart [50]**

 

Self-perceived physical health

3

10.0

  

  Self-perceived poor health

  

Gadinger [25]**; Kim [32]Φ; Ibrahim [51]Φ

 

Respiratory symptoms

2

6.7

  

  Respiratory symptoms

  

Alterman [31]*

Kim [32]Φ

Mental health

   

Self-perceived mental health

5

16.7

  

  Poor mental health status

  

Artazcoz [41]Φ; Cortès [46]Φ; Emslie [54]ψ

 

  Mental health disorder

  

Kim [32]Φ; Ludemir [40]*

 

Psychosomatic complaints

2

6.7

  

  Psychosomatic complaints

  

Gadinger [25]**; Emslie [54]**

 

Self-reported occupational stress

2

6.7

  

  Self-reported occupational stress

  

Galanakis [30]**; Ibrahim [51]*

 
  1. a To be included, the difference between women and men in the prevalence of the exposure to the occupational hazard or the work-related health problem must be shown in at least two studies; b Number of articles where the difference in the prevalence was shown; c Percentage of articles where the difference in the prevalence was shown; d Cohort studies; e Case–control design.
  2. * p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001; *** p < 0.0001; Ψ p ≥ 0.05; Φ No information available on the p-value or any other parameter of statistical significance regarding the difference observed in the prevalence.