Health care payments in the asia pacific: validation of five survey measures of economic burden

Table 4 Summary of associations between measures of economic burden and health care need, wealth and risk protection constructs^a

	Measures of economic burden from health care payments
	Direct cost			Direct negative consequences
Construct	Any health expenditure	Health expenditure amount	Catastrophic health expenditure	Indebtedness	Impoverishment
Health care need	+ / 4	+ / 4	+ / 4	+ / 4	+ / 4
Wealth	+ / 3	+ / 4	– / 3	– / 4	– / 4
Risk protection	– / 3	– / 1	– / 3	– / 3	– / 4
Total ^b	10	9	10	11	12

^aPlus or minus signs reflect hypothesized positive or negative correlations. Numbers indicate tally of study countries (out of four) with associations that were consistent with hypothesized directions.
^bTotal count of associations (across countries and constructs) in which the observed matched the expected directions.

ISSN: 1475-9276