Table 1 Perceived dimensions of gender relations among female undergraduate students in Mekong Delta
Structures | Division of labor | Division of power | Cathexis |
|---|---|---|---|
Division of labor | -Inequitable organization of housework and childcare | ||
-Segregation of ‘men’s jobs’ and ‘women’s jobs’ in academic majors and labor markets | |||
-Favor of men over women in job recruitment, particularly in high-power positions | |||
-Women’s participation in social activities | |||
-Pursuit of higher education | |||
Division of power | -Opportunities to rise to high or leading positions at institutional level | -Protective effect of national laws or policies (e.g., monogamy, two children) | |
-Stereotypes regarding women’s competence in certain fields or types of work (e.g., management) | -Number of women in positions of authority in governmental and local organizations | ||
-Differentiation in retirement ages for men and women | -High rate of women as second-in-command to men | ||
-Cultural power: definition of women as ‘the weak gender’ | -Control over household income and spending | ||
-Makes family decisions | |||
-‘Bread-winner’ | |||
-Ownership of valuable properties | |||
-Control over sexual requests and fertility decisions (e.g., number of children, birth intervals). | |||
Cathexis | -The praise of duteousness | -Patrilocality (reside with husband’s family after marriage) | -Son preference |
-Double standard for being a virgin | -Vulnerability to blames for being childless, sonless, having a spoilt child, being single mother | ||
-Double standard for premarital sex | |||
-Double standard for promiscuity | |||
-Double standard for separation and shift to a new relationship |