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Table 2 Correlates of expressed racial identity and hypertension

From: Expressed racial identity and hypertension in a telephone survey sample from Toronto and Vancouver, Canada: do socioeconomic status, perceived discrimination and psychosocial stress explain the relatively high risk of hypertension for Black Canadians?

Variable

 

Expressed racial identity

  

Hypertension

  

Asian

Black

South Asian

White

Other

yes

no

Age

in years - n (sd)

42.5(14.3)

40.5(11.2)

41.1(14.1)

53.6(14.8)

44.6(15.2)

61.75(12.5)

48.7(14.8)

  

F = 35.24, df = 4,1539, p < 0.001

  

F = 200.43, df = 1, 1542, p < 0.001

Gender

female n (%)

50(71.4)

37(78.7)

31(45.6)

817(66.9)

84(61.3)

196(19.2)

823(80.8)

 

male

20(28.6)

10(21.3)

37(54.4)

405(33.1)

53(38.7)

110(20.9)

415(79.1)

  

Chi - square = 18.68, df = 4, p < 0.01

  

Chi - square = 0.64, df = 1, p > 0.10

Marital status

married or common law

32(45.7)

16(34.0)

47(69.1)

716(58.6)

79(57.7)

157(17.6)

733(82.4)

 

separated, divorced or widowed

10(14.3)

9(19.2)

9(13.2)

303(24.8)

19(13.9)

114(32.6)

236(67.4)

 

never been married

28(40.0)

22(46.8)

12(17.7)

203(16.6)

39(28.5)

35(11.5)

269(88.5)

  

Chi - square = 63.83, df = 8, p < 0.001

  

Chi - square = 51.67, df = 2, p < 0.001

Immigrant status

born in Canada

17(24.3)

12(25.5)

15(22.1)

962(78.7)

59(43.1)

211(19.8)

854(80.2)

immigrated > 20 years ago

23(32.9)

24(51.1)

21(30.9)

213(17.4)

40(29.2)

81(25.2)

240(74.8)

immigrated between 10 and 20 years ago

16(22.9)

6(12.8)

15(22.1)

22(1.8)

21(15.3)

8(10.0)

72(90.0)

immigrated < 10 years ago

14(20.0)

5(10.6)

17(25.0)

25(2.1)

17(12.4)

6(7.7)

72(92.3)

  

Chi - square = 388.20, df = 12, p < 0.001

  

Chi - square = 17.99, df = 3, p < 0.001

City of residence

Toronto

20(28.6)

45(95.7)

26(38.2)

539(44.1)

76(55.5)

123(17.4)

583(82.6)

Vancouver

50(71.4)

2(4.3)

42(61.8)

683(55.9)

61(44.5)

183(21.8)

655(78.2)

  

Chi - square = 63.76, df = 4, p < 0.001

  

Chi - square = 4.70, df = 1, p < 0.05

Educational attainment

high school or less

11(15.7)

18(38.3)

16(23.5)

318(26.0)

29(21.2)

95(24.3)

297(75.8)

CC, TS or some university

12(17.1)

16(34.0)

15(22.1)

328(26.8)

46(33.6)

93(22.3)

324(77.7)

bachelor’s degree

35(50.0)

12(25.5)

21(30.9)

343(28.1)

42(30.7)

76(16.8)

377(83.2)

post - graduate degree

12(17.1)

1(2.1)

16(23.5)

233(19.1)

20(14.6)

42(14.9)

240(85.1)

  

Chi - square = 33.56, df = 12, p < 0.01

  

Chi - square = 13.37, df = 3, p < 0.01

Household income

less than $40,000

9(12.9)

17(36.2)

8(11.8)

181(14.8)

25(18.3)

58(24.2)

182(75.8)

$40,000 - $59,999

15(21.4)

6(12.8)

10(14.7)

144(11.8)

12(8.8)

41(21.9)

146(78.1)

$60,000 - $79,999

8(11.4)

6(12.8)

8(11.8)

158(12.9)

22(16.1)

33(16.3)

169(83.7)

$80,000 - $99,000

7(10.0)

3(6.4)

10(14.7)

128(10.5)

13(9.5)

26(16.2)

135(83.9)

$100,000 - 149,999

8(11.4)

5(10.6)

8(11.8)

216(17.1)

15(11.0)

50(19.8)

202(80.2)

$150,000 or more

4(5.7)

1(2.1)

8(11.8)

217(17.8)

15(11.0)

43(17.6)

202(78.6)

missing

19(27.1)

9(19.2)

16(23.5)

178(14.6)

35(25.6)

55(21.4)

202(78.6)

  

Chi -square = 63.69, df = 24, p < 0.001

  

Chi - square = 7.48, df = 6, p > 0.10

Major discrimination

no experiences

37(52.9)

14(29.8)

30(44.1)

534(43.7)

45(32.9)

130(19.7)

530(80.3)

one experience

19(27.1)

7(14.9)

15(22.1)

315(25.8)

39(28.5)

85(21.5)

310(78.5)

two experiences

7(10.0)

9(19.2)

9(13.2)

177(14.5)

20(14.6)

44(19.8)

178(80.2)

three or more experiences

2(2.9)

10(21.3)

10(14.7)

149(12.2)

22(16.1)

37(19.2)

156(80.8)

missing

5(7.1)

7(14.9)

4(5.9)

47(3.9)

11(8.0)

10(13.5)

64(86.5)

  

Chi - square = 37.77, df = 16, p < 0.01

  

Chi - square = 2.63, df = 4, p > 0.10

Racial/ethnic major discriminatory experiences

no experiences

51(72.9)

21(44.7)

43(63.2)

1113(91.1)

95(69.3)

274(20.7)

1049(79.3)

one experience

9(12.9)

12(25.5)

13(19.1)

57(4.7)

21(15.3)

16(14.3)

96(85.7)

two or more experiences

5(7.1)

7(14.9)

8(11.8)

5(0.4)

10(7.3)

6(17.1)

29(82.9)

missing

4(7.1)

7(14.9)

4(5.9)

47(3.9)

11(8.0)

10(13.5)

64(86.5)

  

Chi - square = 202.10, df = 12, p < 0.001

  

Chi - square = 4.83, df = 3, p > 0.10

Routine discrimination index

0

14(20.0)

2(4.3)

13(19.1)

316(25.9)

29(21.2)

79(21.1)

295(78.9)

1 or 2

18(25.7)

6(12.8)

24(35.3)

368(30.1)

28(20.4)

97(21.9)

347(78.2)

3 or 4

10(14.3)

11(23.4)

7(10.3)

233(19.1)

17(12.4)

56(20.1)

222(79.9)

5 or greater

22(31.4)

24(51.1)

21(30.9)

278(22.8)

49(35.8)

58(14.7)

336(85.3)

 

missing

6(8.6)

4(8.5)

3(4.4)

27(2.2)

14(10.2)

16(29.6)

38(70.4)

  

Chi - square = 82.29, df = 20, p < 0.001

  

Chi - square = 11.28, df = 4, p < 0.05

Daily stress

not stressful

10(14.3)

8(17.0)

16(23.5)

201(16.5)

25(18.3)

65(25.0)

195(75.0)

 

a bit stressful

44(62.9)

26(55.3)

35(51.5)

626(51.2)

73(53.3)

148(18.4)

656(81.6)

 

quite or extremely stressful

16(22.9)

13(27.7)

17(25.0)

395(32.3)

39(28.5)

93(19.4)

387(80.6)

  

Chi - square = 7.64, df = 8, p > 0.10

  

Chi - square = 5.46, df = 2, p > 0.05