Income-related inequality in health insurance coverage: analysis of China Health and Nutrition Survey of 2006 and 2009

Liu, Jinan; Shi, Lizheng; Meng, Qingyue; Khan, M Mahmud

doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-42

International Journal for Equity in Health

Table 4 Predictors of health insurance coverage according to GEE model and hierarchical logistic regression in difference-in-difference format

	GEE model				Hierarchical model
	Odds Ratio	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	P value	Odds Ratio	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	P value
Intercept	5.288	3.074	9.097	<0.001	4.924	3.021	8.026	<0.001
Age	1.008	1.005	1.011	<0.001	1.008	1.005	1.011	<0.001
Household size	0.998	0.971	1.026	0.908	0.997	0.969	1.026	0.894
Male	1.000	0.921	1.086	0.996	0.999	0.918	1.088	0.981
Not married	0.740	0.660	0.829	<0.001	0.739	0.661	0.826	<0.001
Low education	0.717	0.562	0.915	0.007	0.719	0.572	0.904	0.005
Median Education	0.692	0.545	0.879	0.003	0.694	0.555	0.87	0.002
Year of 2009	22.809	20.041	25.959	<0.001	17.903	16.175	19.816	<0.001
Income increase by 10000 RMB	1.255	1.130	1.393	<0.001	1.255	1.177	1.339	<0.001
Interaction of income*Y2009	0.797	0.714	0.890	<0.001	0.797	0.735	0.865	<0.001
Not retired	0.216	0.178	0.263	<0.001	0.219	0.185	0.259	<0.001
Occupation (Technicians as reference)
Professionals	2.413	1.766	3.297	<0.001	2.392	1.807	3.167	<0.001
Officials	2.187	1.656	2.887	<0.001	2.166	1.673	2.804	<0.001
Farmers	0.892	0.752	1.058	0.190	0.889	0.752	1.052	0.170
Service sector workers	0.464	0.378	0.570	<0.001	0.464	0.384	0.561	<0.001
Others	0.555	0.424	0.728	<0.001	0.555	0.427	0.722	<0.001
Not working	0.423	0.354	0.505	<0.001	0.423	0.358	0.501	<0.001
Geographic locations (City 1 in Liaoning Province as reference)
City 2 in Liaoning Province	0.674	0.408	1.112	0.122	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Liaoning Province	2.000	1.176	3.402	0.011	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Liaoning Province	4.886	2.548	9.371	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Liaoning Province	1.999	1.181	3.382	0.01	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Liaoning Province	1.045	0.621	1.757	0.869	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Heilongjiang	0.384	0.247	0.597	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Heilongjiang	0.420	0.267	0.661	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Heilongjiang	2.749	1.420	5.321	0.003	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Heilongjiang	0.113	0.071	0.179	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Heilongjiang	1.916	1.104	3.324	0.021	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Heilongjiang	2.587	1.441	4.644	0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Jiangsu	4.891	2.620	9.130	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Jiangsu	0.389	0.239	0.634	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Jiangsu	6.468	3.551	11.784	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Jiangsu	4.254	2.323	7.791	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Jiangsu	1.022	0.604	1.729	0.936	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Jiangsu	7.741	4.188	14.311	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Shandong	0.811	0.479	1.373	0.436	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Shandong	0.401	0.246	0.655	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Shandong	6.542	3.581	11.954	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Shandong	0.263	0.174	0.398	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Shandong	2.793	1.620	4.812	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Shandong	15.210	7.369	31.394	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Henan	1.031	0.625	1.700	0.906	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Henan	0.445	0.281	0.705	0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Henan	0.248	0.160	0.383	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Henan	0.301	0.199	0.457	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Henan	2.219	1.346	3.657	0.002	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Henan	0.242	0.158	0.371	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Hubei	0.914	0.562	1.486	0.717	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Hubei	0.493	0.301	0.809	0.005	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Hubei	0.153	0.098	0.239	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Hubei	2.491	1.489	4.169	0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Hubei	4.937	2.535	9.616	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Hubei	15.349	7.374	31.950	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Hunan	1.123	0.685	1.842	0.645	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Hunan	0.568	0.350	0.924	0.023	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Hunan	0.246	0.160	0.377	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Hunan	1.409	0.843	2.357	0.191	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Hunan	0.228	0.148	0.352	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Hunan	0.287	0.184	0.449	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Guangxi	0.186	0.113	0.308	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Guangxi	0.231	0.146	0.367	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Guangxi	0.887	0.537	1.464	0.638	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Guangxi	0.426	0.257	0.707	0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Guangxi	0.711	0.434	1.163	0.174	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Guangxi	0.325	0.213	0.496	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
City 1 in Guizhou	1.163	0.712	1.899	0.546	^a	^a	^a	^a
City2 in Guizhou	0.502	0.295	0.855	0.011	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 1 in Guizhou	2.719	1.564	4.725	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 2 in Guizhou	0.210	0.136	0.323	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 3 in Guizhou	0.256	0.166	0.393	<0.001	^a	^a	^a	^a
County 4 in Guizhou	1.071	0.656	1.750	0.784	^a	^a	^a	^a

^a Random effect of geographical locations (18 cities and 36 counties) was controlled for hierarchical model.

Back to article page

ISSN: 1475-9276

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com