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Table 2 Unstandardized Concentration Index (CI) and Horizontal inequity index (HI), by outcome and year

From: Horizontal equity in health care utilization in Brazil, 1998–2008

Variable

Unstandardized Concentration Index (CI)

Horizontal inequity index (HI)

1998

2003

2008

% change

1998

2003

2008

% change

   

1998 to 2008

   

1998 to 2008

Doctor visit (12 months)

0.0500 (0.0011)

0.0400 (0.0021)

0.0330 (0.0016)

−51.52

0.0642 (0.0011)

0.0444 (0.0021)

0.0357 (0.0018)

−79.83

Hospitalization (12 months)

−0.0810 (0.0043)

−0.0530 (0.0051)

−0.0430 (0.0051)

88.37

−0.0430 (0.0043)

−0.0263 (0.0049)

−0.0127 (0.0049)

238.58

Usual source of care

0.0290 (0.0010)

0.0070 (0.0025)

0.0040 (0.0021)

−625.00

0.0323 (0.0010)

0.0079 (0.0025)

0.0039 (0.0029)

−728.21

Any healthcare service-use (2 weeks)

0.0660 (0.0032)

0.0440 (0.0047)

0.0440 (0.0042)

−50.00

0.1019 (0.0032)

0.0651 (0.0047)

0.0648 (0.0045)

−57.25

Dental visit (12 months)

0.2180 (0.0019)

0.1780 (0.0032)

0.1390 (0.0028)

−56.83

0.2308 (0.0018)

0.1943 (0.0032)

0.1514 (0.0029)

−52.44

  1. Numbers are concentration indices with standard errors in parentheses.
  2. Values <0 indicate pro-poor and >0 indicate pro-rich utilization.
  3. HI is the difference between actual healthcare use and predicted utilization based on health needs.
  4. All values are statistically significantly different from previous periods (p <0.05); except any healthcare service use for 2003 and 2008; and hospitalizations between 2003 and 2008.
  5. Data source: Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 1998, 2003, 2008.