Table 2 Attitudes and practices regarding tuberculosis among respondents in the rural and urban areas of two districts of Pakistan's Punjab province (n = 1080)
Attitude and Practices | Urban (n = 432) | Rural (n = 648) | P value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | Â | Â |
What would you do if you suspect you had symptoms of TB? ( Intended health seeking behavior) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Health Facility | 419 (97.0) | 610 (94.1) | P = 0.030 | 2.01 (1.06-3.82) |
   Pharmacy | 9 (2.1) | 29 (4.5) | P = 0.037 | 0.45 (0.21-0.97) |
   Traditional Healer | 2 (0.5) | 23 (3.5) | P = 0.001 | 0.13 (0.03-0.54) |
   Self Treatment | 1 (0.2) | 9 (1.4) | P = 0.058 | 0.17 (0.02-1.31) |
   Others | 6 (1.4) | 8 (1.2) | P = 0.826 | 1.13 (0.39-3.27) |
When you will go to a health facility after getting TB? ( Intended health seeking behavior) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   When treatment on my own does not work | 7 (1.6) | 34 (5.2) | P = 0.002 | 0.30 (0.13-0.68) |
   When symptoms last for 3 to 4 weeks | 63 (14.6) | 120 (18.5) | P = 0.091 | 0.75 (0.54-1.05) |
   As soon as I realize that my symptoms are of TB | 361 (83.6) | 484 (74.7) | P = 0.001 | 1.72 (1.26-2.35) |
   I would not go to Doctor | 1 (0.2) | 10 (1.5) | P = 0.058 | 0.15 (0.02-1.16) |
How a TB patient is regarded in your community? (Community stigma) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Most people reject | 215 (49.8) | 302 (46.6) | P = 0.308 | 1.14 (0.89-1.45) |
   Most people friendly but avoid | 138 (31.9) | 210 (32.4) | P = 0.873 | 0.98 (0.75-1.27) |
   Most people support and help | 79 (18.3) | 136 (21.0) | P = 0.276 | 0.84 (0.62-1.15) |
What would be your reaction if you were found out that you have TB? (Personal stigma) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Shame and/or embarrassment | 361 (83.6) | 463 (71.5) | P < 0.001 | 2.03 (1.50-2.76) |
   Fear and/or hopelessness | 151 (35.0) | 237 (36.6) | P = 0.587 | 0.93 (0.73-1.20) |
   Others | 28 (6.5) | 102 (15.7) | P < 0.001 | 0.37 (0.24-0.58) |
How your relationship would changes if your close family member gets TB? (Family support to the patient) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Sympathy, support and help | 352 (81.5) | 481 (74.2) | P = 0.005 | 1.53 (1.13-2.06) |
   Hate | 6 (1.4) | 28 (4.3) | P = 0.007 | 0.31 (0.13-0.76) |
   Friendly but avoid | 74 (17.1) | 139 (21.5) | P = 0.081 | 0.76 (0.55-1.04) |