Table 3 Results of the multilevel analysis of the variables related to the use of maternal health services in Madhya Pradesh (15,782 Women from 2,246 Primary Sampling Units in 45 Districts)
Characteristics | Odds Ratios (Confidence Interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Antenatal Care | Skilled attendance at delivery | Postnatal care |
Fixed Effects | |||
Individual variables | Â | Â | Â |
Mother's age at last birth | Â | Â | Â |
= > 35 | ref | ref | ref |
25-34 | 1.27 (1.05-1.53) | 1.13 (0.93-1.36) | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) |
15-24 | 1.28 (1.05-1.55) | 1.22 (1.01-1.48) | 0.86 (0.65-1.11) |
Mother's level of education | Â | Â | Â |
Illiterate | ref | ref | ref |
Primary | 1.37 (1.21-1.54) | 1.20 (1.07-1.33) | 1.00 (0.86-1.15) |
Middle | 1.69 (1.47-1.94) | 1.44 (1.26-1.63) | 1.17 (0.99-1.37) |
Higher Secondary & above | 2.57 (2.11-3.12) | 2.35 (1.98-2.79) | 1.39 (1.14-1.70) |
Mother's occupation | Â | Â | Â |
Unemployed | ref | ref | ref |
Farmers/Agricultural Workers/Labourer | 0.89 (0.80-0.98) | 0.72 (0.66-0.79) | 0.92 (0.81-1.04) |
Professional/Service/Production Worker | 1.37 (1.10-1.70) | 0.83 (0.68-1.00) | 0.97 (0.77-1.23) |
Birth order | Â | Â | Â |
= > 3 | ref | ref | ref |
2 | 1.37 (1.21-1.53) | 1.19 (1.06-1.32) | 1.11 (0.95-1.27) |
1 | 1.69 (1.51-1.90) | 1.87 (1.68-2.07) | 1.27 (1.11-1.46) |
Cast | Â | Â | Â |
Scheduled Tribes | ref | ref | ref |
Scheduled Casts | 1.64 (1.41-1.91) | 1.52 (1.32-1.74) | 0.85 (0.70-1.03) |
Others | 1.53 (1.33-1.73) | 1.41 (1.24-1.59) | 0.92 (0.77-1.08) |
Religion | Â | Â | Â |
Hindu | ref | ref | ref |
Muslim | 1.52 (1.16-1.97) | 1.26 (1.01-1.56) | 0.81 (0.63-1.03) |
Others | 0.79 (0.41-1.48) | 0.96 (0.53-1.73) | 1.46 (0.75-2.83) |
Household socio-economic status | Â | Â | Â |
Poorest | ref | ref | ref |
Poor | 1.16 (1.04-1.29) | 1.07 (0.96-1.18) | 0.99 (0.85-1.14) |
Medium | 1.54 (1.34-1.76) | 1.15 (1.01-1.30) | 1.13 (0.95-1.35) |
Rich | 2.16 (1.80-2.57) | 1.21 (1.03-1.41) | 1.03 (0.84-1.26) |
Richest | 4.53 (3.47-5.91) | 2.32 (1.86-2.90) | 1.50 (1.16-1.93) |
Poverty index | Â | Â | Â |
Possess BPL Card | ref | ref | ref |
No BPL Card | 0.90 (0.82-0.98) | 0.98 (0.90-1.06) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) |
Education level of husband | Â | Â | Â |
Illiterate | ref | ref | ref |
Primary | 1.21 (1.06-1.36) | 1.06 (0.94-1.19) | 1.03 (0.87-1.21) |
Middle | 1.38 (1.21-1.56) | 1.15 (1.02-1.29) | 0.98 (0.83-1.15) |
Higher Secondary & above | 1.45 (1.27-1.66) | 1.22 (1.08-1.38) | 1.14 (0.96-1.35) |
Received any ANC | Â | Â | Â |
Not received | - | ref | ref |
Received | - | 3.52 (3.21-3.84) | 2.62 (2.31-2.95) |
Skilled assistance at delivery | Â | Â | Â |
Delivery by unskilled personnel | - | - | ref |
Delivery by skilled personnel | - | - | 58.32 (50.20-67.74) |
Community level variables | Â | Â | Â |
Type of residence | Â | Â | Â |
Rural | ref | ref | ref |
Urban | 1.64 (1.35-1.98) | 1.88 (1.62-2.18) | 0.94 (0.78-1.11) |
District level variables | Â | Â | Â |
Percent of tribal population in the district of residence | Â | Â | Â |
> 50 | ref | ref | ref |
26-50 | 1.23 (0.48-3.10) | 0.95 (0.57-1.55) | 0.60 (0.26-1.35) |
0-25 | 0.89 (0.35-2.21) | 1.07 (0.65-1.75) | 0.52 (0.23-1.16) |
Ratio of PHC to population in the district | Â | Â | Â |
> 30000 | ref | ref | ref |
Up to 30000 | 1.04 (0.53-2.02) | 0.75 (0.52-1.07) | 1.03 (0.57-1.84) |
Random effects | |||
Community (PSU) random variance (SEa) | 0.977 (0.071) | 0.410 (0.042) | 0.541 (0.065) |
Community (PSU) VPCb (%) | 32.90 | 14.92 | 23.68 |
District random variance (SE) | 0.636 (0.145) | 0.167 (0.041) | 0.480 (0.111) |
District VPC (%) | 12.97 | 4.32 | 11.13 |