|
Country
|
Year
|
Financing mechanisms
|
Total financing
|
|---|
| | |
Direct tax
|
Indirect tax
|
NHI/SHI contributions
|
OOP or direct payments
| |
|
Africa
| | | | | | |
|
Ghana
|
2005/2006
|
0.202
|
0.057
|
0.144
|
-0.068
|
0.071
|
|
South Africa
|
2005/2006
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-0.0259
|
0.065
|
|
Asian countries
| | | | | | |
|
Bangladesh
|
1999/2000
|
0.552
|
0.111
|
-
|
0.219
|
0.214
|
|
Thailand
|
2002
|
0.510
|
0.182
|
0.180
|
0.091
|
0.197
|
|
Phillippines
|
1999
|
0.381
|
0.002
|
0.205
|
0.139
|
0.163
|
|
Malaysia
|
1998/1999
|
0.395
|
-0.078
|
0.081
|
0.104
|
0.186
|
|
Taiwan
|
2000
|
0.244
|
0.040
|
-0.075
|
-0.079
|
-0.029
|
|
Sri-Lanka
|
1996/1997
|
0.569
|
-0.010
|
-
|
0.069
|
0.085
|
|
Indonesia
|
2001
|
0.196
|
0.074
|
0.306
|
0.176
|
0.173
|
|
China
|
2000
|
0.152
|
0.040
|
0.235
|
-0.017
|
0.040
|
|
Nepal
|
1995/1996
|
0.144
|
0.114
|
-
|
0.053
|
0.063
|
|
Japan
|
1998
|
0.100
|
-0.223
|
-0.042
|
-0.269
|
-0.069
|
|
OECD countries
| | | | | | |
|
Portugal
|
1980
|
0.279
|
0.079
|
0.277
|
-0.158
|
0.063
|
|
The Netherlands
|
1987
|
0.185
|
-0.009
|
-0.002
|
-0.059
|
-0.034
|
|
Spain
|
1980
|
0.170
|
0.023
|
-0.063
|
0.016
|
-0.023
|
|
Italy
|
1987
|
0.054
|
0.001
|
0.028
|
-0.004
|
0.022
|
|
USA
|
1981
|
0.162
|
-0.174
|
-0.035
|
-0.387
|
-0.145
|
|
UK
|
1985
|
0.131
|
-0.059
|
0.043
|
-0.190
|
0.032
|
|
Ireland
|
1987
|
0.250
|
-0.120
|
0.110
|
-0.070
|
0.034
|
- Source: (Ataguba, McIntyre 2009 [1]; Wagstaff, van Doorslaer et al. 1999 [26]; O'Donnell, van Doorslaer et al. 2008 [8]); Authors own calculations for Ghana
