Who pays for health care in Ghana?

Table 5 Cross-country comparison of progressivity indices (distributional incidence of health care financing)

Country	Year	Financing mechanisms				Total financing
		Direct tax	Indirect tax	NHI/SHI contributions	OOP or direct payments
Africa
Ghana	2005/2006	0.202	0.057	0.144	-0.068	0.071
South Africa	2005/2006	-	-	-	-0.0259	0.065
Asian countries
Bangladesh	1999/2000	0.552	0.111	-	0.219	0.214
Thailand	2002	0.510	0.182	0.180	0.091	0.197
Phillippines	1999	0.381	0.002	0.205	0.139	0.163
Malaysia	1998/1999	0.395	-0.078	0.081	0.104	0.186
Taiwan	2000	0.244	0.040	-0.075	-0.079	-0.029
Sri-Lanka	1996/1997	0.569	-0.010	-	0.069	0.085
Indonesia	2001	0.196	0.074	0.306	0.176	0.173
China	2000	0.152	0.040	0.235	-0.017	0.040
Nepal	1995/1996	0.144	0.114	-	0.053	0.063
Japan	1998	0.100	-0.223	-0.042	-0.269	-0.069
OECD countries
Portugal	1980	0.279	0.079	0.277	-0.158	0.063
The Netherlands	1987	0.185	-0.009	-0.002	-0.059	-0.034
Spain	1980	0.170	0.023	-0.063	0.016	-0.023
Italy	1987	0.054	0.001	0.028	-0.004	0.022
USA	1981	0.162	-0.174	-0.035	-0.387	-0.145
UK	1985	0.131	-0.059	0.043	-0.190	0.032
Ireland	1987	0.250	-0.120	0.110	-0.070	0.034

Source: (Ataguba, McIntyre 2009 [1]; Wagstaff, van Doorslaer et al. 1999 [26]; O'Donnell, van Doorslaer et al. 2008 [8]); Authors own calculations for Ghana